References
- Alford, R. P. (2022). The bipartisan consensus on big tech. Emory Law Journal, 71(5), 893–932.
- Are, C. (2020). How Instagram’s algorithm is censoring women and vulnerable users but helping online abusers. Feminist Media Studies, 20(5), 741–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1783805
- Are, C. (2022). The shadowban cycle: An autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram. Feminist Media Studies, 22(8), 2002–2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1928259
- Baer, H. (2016). Redoing feminism: Digital activism, body politics, and neoliberalism. Feminist Media Studies, 16(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1093070
- Bishop, S. (2019). Managing visibility on YouTube through algorithmic gossip. New Media & Society, 21(11-12), 2589–2606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819854731
- Blunt, D., Coombes, E., Mullin, S., & Wolf, A. (2020). Posting into the void. Hacking/Hustling. https://hackinghustling.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Posting-Into-the-Void.pdf.
- Bossetta, M. (2020). Scandalous design: How social media platforms’ responses to scandal impacts campaigns and elections. Social Media + Society, 6(2), 205630512092477–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120924777
- Bucher, T. (2017). The algorithmic imaginary: Exploring the ordinary affects of Facebook algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154086
- Calice, M. N., Bao, L., Freiling, I., Howell, E., Xenos, M. A., Yang, S., Brossard, D., Newman, T. P., & Scheufele, D. A. (2021). Polarized platforms? How partisanship shapes perceptions of “algorithmic news bias”. New Media & Society, 25(11), 2833–2854. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211034159
- Callender, B., Carlyle, M., & Chor, J. (2021). The power and politics of fetal imagery. The Lancet, 398(10307), 1208–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02129-2
- Clark, R. (2016). “Hope in a hashtag”: the discursive activism of #WhyIStayed. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1138235
- Cohen, D. (2022, July 1). Are social-media platforms censoring information about abortion? The Cut. https://www.thecut.com/2022/07/facebook-instagram-censoring-abortion-posts.html.
- Cotter, K. (2021). “Shadowbanning is not a thing”: Black box gaslighting and the power to independently know and credibly critique algorithms. Information, Communication & Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1994624.
- Cox, J. (2022, May 3). Data broker is selling location data of people who visit abortion clinics. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7vzjb/location-data-abortion-clinics-safegraph-planned-parenthood.
- Cox, J., & Pearson, J. (2022, June 27). Facebook is banning people who say they will mail abortion pills. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7gav3/facebook-is-banning-people-who-say-they-will-mail-abortion-pills.
- Crawford, K., & Gillespie, T. (2016). What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint. New Media & Society, 18(3), 410–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814543163
- Daniels, J. (2014). From crisis pregnancy centers to TeenBreaks.com: Anti-abortion activism’s use of cloaked websites. In M. McCaughey (Ed.), Cyberactivism on the participatory web (pp. 152–166). Routledge.
- DeVito, M. A., Birnholtz, J., Hancock, J. T., French, M., & Liu, S. (2018). How people form folk theories of social media feeds and what it means for how we study self-presentation. Proceedings of CHI 2018, April 21-26, Montréal, QC, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173694.
- DeVito, M. A, Gergle, D., & Birnholtz, J. (2017). “Algorithms ruin everything”: #RIPTwitter, folk theories, and resistance to algorithmic change in social media. Proceedings of CHI 2017, May 6-11, Denver, CO, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025659
- Duffy, B. E., & Meisner, C. (2023). Platform governance at the margins: Social media creators’ experiences with algorithmic (in) visibility. Media, Culture & Society, 45(2), 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221111923
- Eslami, M., Karahalios, K., Sandvig, C., Vaccaro, K., Rickman, A., Hamilton, K., & Kirlik, A. (2016). First I “like” it, then I hide it: Folk theories of social feeds. Proceedings of CHI 2016, #chi4good, San Jose, CA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858494.
- Fung, B., & Duffy, C. (2022, September 29). California bars tech companies from complying with other states’ abortion-related warrants. CNN Business. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/29/tech/california-tech-abortion-warrant-ban/index.html.
- Gillespie, T. (2010). The politics of ‘platforms’. New Media & Society, 12(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342738
- Gillespie, T. (2022). Do not recommend? Reduction as a form of content moderation. Social Media+ Society, 8, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221117552
- Gorwa, R. (2019). What is platform governance? Information, Communication & Society, 22(6), 854–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914
- Guerra, D. (2019, May 19). #YouKnowMe: Twitter users share abortion experiences. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/05/19/724747932/-youknowme-twitter-users-share-abortion-experiences.
- Guest, G., Namey, E., & Chen, M. (2020). A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research. PLoS One, 15(5), e0232076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232076
- Haimson, O. L., Delmonaco, D., Nie, P., & Wegner, A. (2021). Disproportionate removals and differing content moderation experiences for conservative, transgender, and black social media users: Marginalization and moderation gray areas. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2). https://doi.org/10.1145/3479610.
- Hallinan, B., Scharlach, R., & Shifman, L. (2022). Beyond neutrality: Conceptualizing platform values. Communication Theory, 32(2), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtab008
- Holland, J. L. (2020). Tiny you: A Western history of the anti-abortion movement. University of California Press.
- Instagram. (2022, December 7). Helping you understand what’s going on with your account. https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/instagram-outages-and-account-status.
- Karizat, N., Delmonaco, D., Eslami, M., & Andalibi, N. (2021). Algorithmic folk theories and identity: How TikTok users co-produce knowledge of identity and engage in algorithmic resistance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2). https://doi.org/10.1145/3476046.
- Kingsberry, J. (2022, June 28). Gen Z is influencing the abortion debate—from TikTok. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2022/gen-z-tiktok-abortion-debate/.
- Kosenko, K., Winderman, E., & Pugh, A. (2019). The hijacked hashtag: The constitutive features of abortion stigma in the #ShoutYourAbortion Twitter campaign. International Journal of Communication, 13, 1–21. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/7849/2519.
- Levenson, M. (2023, July 20). Nebraska teen who used pills to end pregnancy gets 90 days in jail. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/20/us/celeste-burgess-abortion-pill-nebraska.html.
- Littler, M. (2020). ‘Demonic slappers’ and ‘fascists’? Exploring extreme British anti-abortion activism on Facebook. In M. Littler, & B. Lee (Eds.), Digital extremisms: Readings in violence, radicalisation and extremism in the online space (pp. 157–176). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30138-5_8.
- Madarang, C. (2022, May 6). People frustrated at possible abortion rights rollbacks are finding hope on Instagram. BuzzFeed News. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/charismamadarang/abortion-rights-activism-on-instagram-and-twitter.
- Maltbie, A. (2021). Stories for reproductive freedom:” A rhetorical analysis of storytelling on NARAL Pro-Choice America’s Website. Young Scholars in Writing, 18, 27–39. https://youngscholarsinwriting.org/index.php/ysiw/article/view/319.
- Mosco, V. (2015). To the cloud: Big data in a turbulent world. Routledge.
- Mosseri, A. (2022, December 7). Account status update. https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cl34K-BAm3P/.
- Myers West, S. (2018). Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4366–4383. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818773059
- Newman, L. H. (2022, August 11). Meta just happens to expand Messenger’s end-to-end encryption. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/meta-messenger-encryption-nebraska-abortion/.
- Nicholas, G. (2022). Shedding light on shadowbanning. Center for Democracy & Technology. https://cdt.org/insights/shedding-light-on-shadowbanning/.
- Noy, C. (2008). Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570701401305
- Ortega, T. (2015, September 22). Women share their stories with #ShoutYourAbortion to support pro-choice. Elite Daily. https://www.elitedaily.com/social-news/pro-choice-stories-hashtag-shoutyourabortion/1220991.
- Petre, C., Duffy, B. E., & Hund, E. (2019). “Gaming the system”: platform paternalism and the politics of algorithmic visibility. Social Media+ Society, 5, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119879995
- Planned Parenthood. (n.d.). Timeline of attacks on abortion. https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/issues/abortion/abortion-central-history-reproductive-health-care-america/timeline-attacks-abortion.
- Riedl, M. J. (2020). Content moderation and volunteer participation on platforms. In M. Baker, B. Blaagaard, H. Jones, & L. Pérez-González (Eds.), Routledge encyclopedia of citizen media (pp. 93–98). Routledge.
- Riedl, M. J., Whipple, K. N., & Wallace, R. (2022). Antecedents of support for social media content moderation and platform regulation: The role of presumed effects on self and others. Information, Communication & Society, 25(11), 1632–1649. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1874040
- Roberts, S. T. (2019). Behind the screen. Yale University Press.
- Salty. (2019). Exclusive: Victoria’s Secret influence on Instagram’s censorship policies. Saltyworld.net. https://saltyworld.net/exclusive-victorias-secret-influence-on-instagrams-censorship-policies/.
- Salty. (2021, October 4). Exclusive: An investigation into algorithmic bias in content policing on Instagram. Saltyworld.net. https://saltyworld.net/algorithmicbiasreport-2/.
- Sato, M. (2022, December 7). Instagram will tell creators if their posts are blocked from being recommended. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/7/23498403/instagram-explore-feed-reels-recommendations-account-status-shadowban.
- Savolainen, L. (2022). The shadow banning controversy: perceived governance and algorithmic folklore. Media, Culture & Society, 44(6), 1091–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221077174
- Sharevski, F., Loop, J. V., Jachim, P., Devine, A., & Pieroni, E. (2023). Abortion misinformation on TikTok: Rampant content, lax moderation, and vivid user experiences. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.05128. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.13524.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Sage.
- Suzor, N., Van Geelen, T., & Myers West, S. (2018). Evaluating the legitimacy of platform governance: A review of research and a shared research agenda. International Communication Gazette, 80(4), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048518757142
- Sybert, J. (2022). The demise of #NSFW: Contested platform governance and Tumblr’s 2018 adult content ban. New Media & Society, 24(10), 2311–2331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444821996715
- Trendacosta, K. (2022, July 28). Abortion information is coming down across social media. What is happening and what next. Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/07/abortion-information-coming-down-across-social-media-what-happening-and-what-next.
- Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
- Vogels, E. A. (2022). Support for more regulation of tech companies has declined in U.S., especially among Republicans. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/13/support-for-more-regulation-of-tech-companies-has-declined-in-u-s-especially-among-republicans/.
- Youmans, W. L., & York, J. C. (2012). Social media and the activist toolkit: User agreements, corporate interests, and the information infrastructure of modern social movements. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 315–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01636.x
- Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Public Affairs.