Suspect community or suspect category? The impact of counter-terrorism as ‘policed multiculturalism’

References

• Ali, Nadya. 2013. “Governing Radical Spaces: the Reformation of Britain's mosques.” Paper presented at the conference for preventing terrorism in Europe: aspects, effects, critique, Sciences Po Paris, October 25.
   Google Scholar
• Amoore, Louise. 2011. “Data Derivatives: On the Emergence of a Security Risk Calculus for Our Times.” Theory, Culture & Society 28 (6): 24–43. doi: 10.1177/0263276411417430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aradau, Claudia. 2004. “The Perverse Politics of Four-Letter Words: Risk and Pity in the Securitisation of Human Trafficking.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 33 (2): 251–277. doi: 10.1177/03058298040330020101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awan, I. 2012. “‘I Am a Muslim Not an Extremist’: How the Prevent Strategy Has Constructed a ‘Suspect’ Community.” Politics & Policy 40 (6): 1158–1185. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00397.x
   Google Scholar
• Barry, Brian. 2002. Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bigo, Didier. 2006. “Globalized In-Security: The Field of the Professionals of Unease Management and the Ban-Opticon.” Traces: A Multilingual Journal of Cultural Theory No. 4/2005: 109–157.
   Google Scholar
• Bigo, D., and L. Bonelli. 2008. Preventing Violent Radicalisation and Terrorist Recruitment in the EU: The Threat to Europe by Radical Islamic Terrorist Groups. Brussels: EU Parliament.
   Google Scholar
• Bigo, Didier, Laurent Bonelli, Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet, and Francesco Ragazzi. 2014. Preventing and Countering Youth Radicalisation in the EU. 509.977. Brussels: European Parliament.
   Google Scholar
• Blackwood, Leda, Nick Hopkins, and Steve Reicher. 2012. “I Know Who I Am, but Who Do They Think I Am? Muslim Perspectives on Encounters with Airport Authorities.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (6): 1090–1108. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2011.645845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleich, Erik. 2003. Race Politics in Britain and France: Ideas and Policymaking Since the 1960s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bonelli, Laurent, and Francesco Ragazzi. 2014. “Low-Tech Security: Files, Notes, and Memos as Technologies of Anticipation.” Security Dialogue 45 (5): 476–493. doi: 10.1177/0967010614545200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet, François. 2011. Les Conceptions Du Community Policing. Working papers du Programme Villes & territoires. 2011–05, Sciences Po Paris. http://blogs.sciences-po.fr/recherche-villes/.
   Google Scholar
• Brittain, Victoria. 2009. “Besieged in Britain.” Race & Class 50 (3): 1–29. doi: 10.1177/0306396808100151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, David. 2011. “PM's Speech at Munich Security Conference.” http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/speeches-and-transcripts/2011/02/pms-speech-at-munich-security-conference-60293.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhury, Tufyal, and Helen Fenwick. 2011. “The Impact of Counter-Terrorism Measures on Muslim Communities.” International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 25 (3): 151–181. doi: 10.1080/13600869.2011.617491
   Google Scholar
• Cruikshank, Barbara. 1999. The Will to Empower. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Den Boer, Monica. 2007. “Wake-up Call for the Lowlands: Dutch Counterterrorism From a Comparative Perspective.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 20 (2): 285–302. doi: 10.1080/09557570701414658
   Google Scholar
• Duffield, Mark. 2005. “Getting Savages to Fight Barbarians: Development, Security and the Colonial Present.” Conflict, Security and Development 5 (2): 141–159. doi: 10.1080/14678800500170068
   Google Scholar
• Durkheim, Emile. 1997. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fekete, Liz. 2004. “Anti-Muslim Racism and the European Security State.” Race & Class 46 (1): 3–29. doi: 10.1177/0306396804045512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, Steven. 2010. “Anti-Terrorist Laws and the United Kingdom's “Suspect Muslim Community”: A Reply to Pantazis and Pemberton.” British Journal of Criminology 50: 1171–1190. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azq047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haverig, Anika. 2013. “Managing Integration: German and British Policy Responses to the ‘Threat From Within' Post-2001.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 14 (2): 345–62.
   Google Scholar
• Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. 2012. “Reinventing Prevention or Exposing the Gap? False Positives in UK Terrorism Governance and the Quest for Pre-Emption.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 5 (1): 69–87. doi:10.1080/17539153.2012.659910.
   Google Scholar
• Hickman, Mary J., Lyn Thomas, Henri C. Nickels, and Sara Silvestri. 2012. “Social Cohesion and the Notion of ‘Suspect Communities’: A Study of the Experiences and Impacts of Being ‘Suspect’ for Irish Communities and Muslim Communities in Britain.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 5 (1): 89–106. doi:10.1080/17539153.2012.659915.
   Google Scholar
• Hillyard, Paddy. 1993. Suspect Community: People's Experience of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Husband, C., and Y. Alam. 2011. Social Cohesion and Counter-Terrorism. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• HM Government. 2000. Terrorism Act 2000. London: The Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• HM Government. 2011. Prevent Strategy. London: The Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• HM Government. 2013. Tackling Extremismin the UK. Report From the Prime Minister's Task Force on Tackling Radicalisation and Extremism. London: The Home Office.
   Google Scholar
• Horne, Alexander, and Gavin Berman. 2012. Pre-Charge Detention in Terrorism Cases. SN/HA/5634. London: House of Commons Library – Home Affairs Section and Social and General Statistics Section.
   Google Scholar
• House of Commons. 2012. Roots of Violent Radicalisation Nineteenth Report of Session 2010–12. Vol. I. London: Great Britain Parliament House of Commons.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, Lee, and Michael Lister. 2013. “Disconnected Citizenship? The Impacts of Anti-Terrorism Policy on Citizenship in the UK.” Political Studies 61 (3). doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00993.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joppke, Christian. 2004. “The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy.” The British Journal of Sociology 55 (2): 237–257. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00017.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klausen, Jytte. 2009. “British Counter-Terrorism After 7/7: Adapting Community Policing to the Fight Against Domestic Terrorism.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (3): 403–420. doi:10.1080/13691830802704566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundnani, Arun. 2009. Spooked! How Not to Prevent Violent Extremism. London: Institute of Race Relations.
   Google Scholar
• Kymlicka, Will. 1996. Multicultural Citizenship a Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford Political Theory Ser. Reprint. New York: Oxford University Press Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, Robert. 2011. Countering Al-Qaeda in London. Police and Muslims in Partnership. London: Hurst & Company.
   Google Scholar
• van der Leun, Joanne P., and Maartje A. H. van der Woude. 2011. “Ethnic Profiling in the Netherlands? A Reflection on Expanding Preventive Powers, Ethnic Profiling and a Changing Social and Political Context.” Policing and Society 21 (4): 444–455. doi:10.1080/10439463.2011.610194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindekilde, L. 2012. “Introduction: Assessing the Effectiveness of Counter-Radicalisation Policies in Northwestern Europe.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 5 (3): 335–344.
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani, Mahmood. 2003. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim. New York: Three Leaves Press.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, Laura Zahra. 2011. “Securing Identities, Resisting Terror: Muslim Youth Work in the UK and Its Implications for Security.” Religion, State and Society 39 (2–3): 177–189. doi:10.1080/09637494.2011.584712.
   Google Scholar
• McGovern, M., and A. Tobin. 2010. Countering Terror or Counter-Productive: Comparing Irish and British Muslim Experiences of Counter-Insurgency Law and Policy. Edge Hill: Edge Hill University.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, David, and Rizwaan Sabir. 2013. “Counter-Terrorism as Counterinsurgency in the UK ‘War on Terror’.” In Counter-Terrorism and State Political Violence: The “War on Terror” as Terror, edited by Scott Poynting and David Whyte, 12–32. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mythen, Gabe. 2012. “‘No One Speaks for Us’: Security Policy, Suspected Communities and the Problem of Voice.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 5 (3): 409–424. doi:10.1080/17539153.2012.723519.
   Google Scholar
• Mythen, G., and S. Walklate. 2009. “‘I'm a Muslim, but I'm Not a Terrorist’: Victimization, Risky Identities and the Performance of Safety.” British Journal of Criminology 49 (6): 736–754. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azp032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickels, Henri C., L. Thomas, M. J. Hickman, and S. Silvestri. 2012. “Constructing “Suspect” Communities and Britishness: Mapping British Press Coverage of Irish and Muslim Communities, 1974–2007.” European Journal of Communication 27 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1177/0267323112445604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantazis, Christina, and Simon Pemberton. 2009. “From the ‘Old' to the ‘New' Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation.” British Journal of Criminology 49 (5): 646–666. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azp031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantazis, Christina, and Simon Pemberton. 2011. “Restating the Case for the ‘Suspect Community’: A Reply to Greer”. British Journal of Criminology 51(6): 1054–1062. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azr071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peirce, Gareth. 2012. Was It Like This for the Irish? London: London Review of Books.
   Google Scholar
• Poynting, S., and B. Perry. 2007. “Climates of Hate: Media and State Inspired Victimisation of Muslims in Canada and Australia Since 9/11.” Current Issues in Criminal Justice 19 (2): 151–171.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, Nikolas. 1996. “The Death of the Social? Re-Figuring the Territory of Government.” Economy and Society 25 (3): 327–356. doi: 10.1080/03085149600000018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, Nikolas. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spalek, Basia. 2010. “Community Policing, Trust, and Muslim Communities in Relation to ‘New Terrorism’.” Politics & Policy 38 (4): 789–815. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00258.x.
   Google Scholar
• Spalek, Basia, and Alia Imtoual. 2007. “Muslim Communities and Counter-Terror Responses: ‘Hard’ Approaches to Community Engagement in the UK and Australia.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 27 (2): 185–202. doi:10.1080/13602000701536117.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, Gavin. 2014. “Transnational Legal Assemblages and Global Security Law: Topologies and Temporalities of the List.” Transnational Legal Theory 5 (1): 81–127.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Charles. 1994. Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Paul. 2012. Responding to the Threat of Violent Extremism. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Paul. 2014. “Divorced but Still Co-Habiting? Britain's Prevent/Community Cohesion Policy Tension.” British Politics 9 (4):472–493.
   Google Scholar
• Thorntonn, Sara, Q. P. M. 2010. Project Champion Review. Kidlington: Thames Valley Police.
   Google Scholar
• Tönnies, Ferdinand. 2001. Tönnies: Community and Civil Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vertigans, Stephen. 2010. “British Muslims and the UK Government's “War on Terror” Within: Evidence of a Clash of Civilizations or Emergent De-Civilizing Processes?” British Journal of Sociology 61 (1): 26–44. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01300.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vertovec, S. 2010. “Towards Post-Multiculturalism? Changing Communities, Conditions and Contexts of Diversity.” International Social Science Journal 61 (199): 1–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2451.2010.01749.x
   Google Scholar
• Vertovec, Steven, and Susanne Wessendorf. 2010. The Multiculturalism Backlash. Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar