The association between discrimination and violence among Somali Canadian youth

References

• Abdi, C. M. 2014. “Threatened Identities and Gendered Opportunities: Somali Migration to America.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 39 (2): 459–483. doi: 10.1086/673380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, I. 2011. “Staying off the Bottom of the Melting Pot: Somali Refugees Respond to a Changing US Immigration Climate.” Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 9: 82–114.
   Google Scholar
• Alitolppa-Niitamo, A. 2010. “The Generation in-Between: Somali Youth and Schooling in Metropolitan Helsinki.” Intercultural Education 13 (2): 275–290.
   Google Scholar
• Amarasingam, A. 2015. Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berns-McGown, R. 2013. “‘I Am Canadian’: Challenging Stereotypes about Young Somali Canadians.” Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP) Study 38: 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Budhwani, H., and K. R. Hearld. 2017. “Muslim Women’s Experiences with Stigma, Abuse, and Depression: Results of a Sample Study Conducted in the United States.” Journal of Women’s Health 26: 435–441. doi:10.1089/jwh.2016.5886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell, C. H., L. P. Kohn-Wood, K. H. Schmeelk-Cone, T. M. Chavous, and M. A. Zimmerman. 2004. “Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity as Risk or Protective Factors for Violent Behaviors in African American Young Adults.” American Journal of Community Psychology 33 (1–2): 91–105. doi:10.1023/B:AJCP.0000014321.02367.dd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, S. 2017. Somalis in the Twin Cities and Columbus. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, K. M., N. Klocker, and T. Salabay. 2007. “Contemporary Racism and Islamaphobia in Australia: Racializing Religion.” Ethnicities 7: 564–589. doi:10.1177/1468796807084017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, M. 2015. “Online Islamophobia and the Politics of Fear: Manufacturing the Green Scare.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 38: 1986–2002. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2015.1021264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, B. H., S. M. Abdi, A. B. Miller, A. K. Lincoln, and M. T. White. 2015. “Protective Factors for Violence Perpetration in Somali Young Adults: The Role of Community Belonging and Neighborhood Cohesion.” Psychology of Violence 5 (4): 384–392. doi: 10.1037/a0039610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrada-Martínez, L. M., C. H. Caldwell, J. A. Bauermeister, and M. A. Zimmerman. 2012. “Stressors in Multiple Life-Domains and the Risk for Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors among African Americans During Emerging Adulthood.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41 (12): 1600–1612. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9778-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenaway, K. H., T. Cruwys, S. A. Haslam, and J. Jetten. 2016. “Social Identities Promote Well-Being Because They Satisfy Global Psychological Needs.” European Journal of Social Psychology 46: 294–307. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, M., M. Peucker, D. Smith, and H. Dellal. 2016. Stocktake Research Project: A Systematic Literature and Selected Program Review on Social Cohesion, Community Resilience and Violent Extremism 2011–2015 (Research Report). Melbourne: Department of Premier and Cabinet, State of Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, M., H. Tahiri, and P. Stephenson. 2014. Harnessing Resilience Capital: An Investigation of Resilience and Cultural Diversity in Countering Violent Extremism. Canberra: Australia-New Zealand Counter-terrorism Committee.
   Google Scholar
• Hafez, M., and C. Mullins. 2015. “The Radicalization Puzzle: A Theoretical Synthesis of Empirical Approaches to Homegrown Extremism.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 38 (11): 958–975. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1051375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetten, J., C. Haslam, S. A. Haslam, G. Dingle, and J. M. Jones. 2014. “How Groups Affect our Health and Well-Being: the Path From Theory to Policy.” Social Issues and Policy Review 8: 103–130. doi:10.1111/sipr.12003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H. K., and D. L. Burton. 2014. “Effects of Racial Discrimination, Childhood Trauma, and Trauma Symptoms on Juvenile Delinquency in African American Incarcerated Youth.” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 23 (10): 1109–1125. doi:10.1080/10926771.2014.968272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L. J., S. F. Dandeneau, E. Marshall, M. K. Phillips, and K. J. Williamson. 2011. “Rethinking Resilience from Indigenous Perspectives.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 56 (2): 84–91. doi: 10.1177/070674371105600203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes, M., G. W. Stevens, and M. Verkuyten. 2014. “Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Problem Behaviors in Muslim Immigrant Early Adolescents: Moderating Effects of Ethnic, Religious, and National Group Identification.” The Journal of Early Adolescence 34: 940–966. doi:10.1177/0272431613514629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, M. J., B. McCarthy, R. D. Conger, F. X. Gibbons, R. L. Simons, C. E. Cutrona, and G. H. Brody. 2011. “The Enduring Significance of Racism: Discrimination and Delinquency Among Black American Youth.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21 (3): 1532–7795. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00699.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCord, J., and M. E. Ensminger. 2003. “Racial Discrimination and Violence: A Longitudinal Perspective.” In Violent Crime: Assessing Race and Ethnic Differences, edited by D. F. Hawkins, 319–330. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mensah, J., and C. J. Williams. 2014. “Cultural Dimensions of African Immigrant Housing in Toronto: A Qualitative Insight.” Housing Studies 29: 438–455. doi:10.1080/02673037.2014.848266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustard, D. B. 2001. “Racial, Ethnic, and Sex Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the US Federal Courts.” Journal of Law and Economics 44 (1): 285–314. doi:10.1086/320276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Migrants. March, 2016. “ Somali Refugee Resettlement in Canada.” Paper presented at the 18th National Metropolis conference, Toronto, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L., and M. De Waele. 2014. “Youth Involvement in Politically Motivated Violence: Why do Social Integration, Perceived Legitimacy, and Perceived Discrimination Matter?” International Journal of Conflict and Violence 8 (1): 135–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi, S., and R. Graumans. 2015. “Reconsidering the Relationship Between Integration and Radicalization.” Journal for Deradicalization 5: 28–62.
   Google Scholar
• Root, M. P. 1992. “Reconstructing the Impact of Trauma on Personality.” In Personality and Psychopathology: Feminist Reappraisals, edited by L. S. Brown and M. Ballou, 229–265. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, M., and M. Hewstone. 2004. “Social Identity, System Justification, and Social Dominance: Commentary on Reicher, Jost et al., and Sidanius et al.” Political Psychology 25 (6): 823–844. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00400.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, N. 2010. “ Shame and Religious Prosociality.” APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1644241.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. 1982. “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations.” Annual Review of Psychology 33 (1): 1–39. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weine, S. 2017. “Resilience and Countering Violent Extremism.” In The Routledge International Handbook of Psychosocial Resilience, edited by U. Kumar, 189–201. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar