European attempts to govern African youths by raising awareness of the risks of migration: ethnography of an encounter

References

• Agamben, Giorgio. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alpes, Maybritt Jill. 2012. “Bushfalling: The Making of Migratory Expectations in Anglophone Cameroon.” In The Global Horizon: Expectations of Migration in Africa and the Middle East, edited by Knut Graw and Samuli Schielke, 43–58. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, Ruben. 2014. Illegality, Inc. Clandestine Migration and the Business of Bordering Europe. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bayart, Jean-François. 1999. “L’Afrique dans le monde: une histoire d’extraversion.” Critique internationale 5: 97–120. doi: 10.3406/criti.1999.1505
   Google Scholar
• Bierschenk, Thomas, Jean-Pierre Chauveau, and Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan. 2002. "Local Brokers in Africa. The Rise of a New Social Category.” Working Papers of the Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität – Mainz, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Blundo, Giorgio. 1995. “Les courtiers du développement en milieu rural sénégalais.” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 35 (137): 73–99. doi: 10.3406/cea.1995.2024
   Google Scholar
• Bouilly, Emmanuelle. 2010. “La lutte contre l’émigration irrégulière au Sénégal: carrière d’une cause, trajectoires d’acteurs et jeu de pratiques dans un espace de mobilisation internationalisé.” Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue canadienne des études africaines 44 (2): 229–255. doi: 10.1080/00083968.2010.9707550
   Google Scholar
• Brachet, Julien. 2005. “Migrants, transporteurs et agents de l’Etat: rencontre sur l’axe Agadez-Sebha.” Autrepart 36: 43–62. doi: 10.3917/autr.036.0043
   Google Scholar
• Brachet, Julien. 2010. “Blinded by Security. Reflections on the Hardening of Migratory Policies in Central Sahara.” IMI working papers series, 26.
   Google Scholar
• Brachet, Julien. 2016. “Policing the Desert: the IOM in Libya Beyond War and Peace.” Antipode 48 (2): 272–292. doi: 10.1111/anti.12176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredeloup, Sylvie, and Olivier Pliez. 2005. “Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara.” Autrepart 36 (4): 3–20. doi: 10.3917/autr.036.0003
   Google Scholar
• Choplin, Armelle, and Jérôme Lombard. 2014. “On West African Roads: Everyday Mobility and Exchanges Between Mauritania, Senegal and Mali.” Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des études Africaines 48 (1): 59–75. doi: 10.1080/00083968.2014.936696
   Google Scholar
• Comaroff, John L., and Jean Comaroff. 1999. “Introduction.” In Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa: Critical Perspectives, edited by John L. Comaroff and Jean Comaroff, 1–43. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crewe, Emma, and Elizabeth Harrison. 1998. Whose Development? An Ethnography of aid. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cuttitta, Paolo. 2014. “‘Borderizing’ the Island. Setting and Narratives of the Lampedusa ‘Border Play’.” ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 13 (2): 196–219.
   Google Scholar
• Cuttitta, Paolo. 2017. “Repoliticization Through Search and Rescue? Humanitarian NGOs and Migration Management in the Central Mediterranean.” Geopolitics. doi:10.1080/14650045.2017.1344834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Genova, Nicholas. 2017. “Introduction: The Borders of ‘Europe’ and the European Question.” In The Borders of ‘Europe’: Autonomy of Migration, Tactics of Bordering, edited by Nicholas De Genova, 1–35. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, Arturo. 1995. Encountering Development. The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fassin, Didier. 2005. “Compassion and Repression: The Moral Economy of Immigration Policies in France.” Cultural Anthropology 20 (3): 362–387. doi: 10.1525/can.2005.20.3.362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassin, Didier. 2011. “Policing Borders, Producing Boundaries. The Governmentality of Immigration in Dark Times.” Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 213–226. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, Gregory. 2011. “Illuminating the Apparatus: Steps Toward a Nonlocal Ethnography of Global Governance.” In Policy Worlds: Anthropology and the Anatomy of Contemporary Power, edited by Davide Pero, Cris Shore, and Susan Wright, 32–49. New York: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, James. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: ‘Development’, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fouquet, Thomas. 2008. “Migrations et ‘glocalisation’ dakaroises.” In Le Sénégal des migrations. Mobilités, identités et sociétés, edited by Momar-Coumba Diop, 241–276. Paris: Karthala.
   Google Scholar
• Gaibazzi, Paolo. 2015. Bush Bound: Young Men and Rural Permanence in Migrant West Africa. New York: Berghahn.
   Google Scholar
• Geiger, Martin, and Antoine Pécoud. 2014. “International Organisations and the Politics of Migration.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (6): 865–887. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.855071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graw, Knut, and Samuli Schielke. 2012. “Introduction: Reflections on Migratory Expectations in Africa and Beyond.” In The Global Horizon: Expectations of Migration in Africa and the Middle East, edited by Knut Graw and Samuli Schielke, 7–22. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Long, Norman. 1989. Encounters at the Interface: A Perspective on Social Discontinuities in Rural Development. Wageningen: Agricultural University.
   Google Scholar
• Makaremi, Chowra. 2009. “Governing Borders in France: From Extraterritorial to Humanitarian Confinement.” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 24 (3): 411–432. doi: 10.1017/S0829320100010103
   Google Scholar
• Mbodji, Mamadou. 2008. “Imaginaires et migrations: le cas du Sénégal.” In Le Sénégal des migrations. Mobilités, identités et sociétés, edited by Momar-Coumba Diop, 305–319. Paris: Karthala.
   Google Scholar
• Melly, Caroline. 2011. “Titanic Tales of Missing Men: Reconfigurations of National Identity and Gendered Presence in Dakar, Senegal.” American Ethnologist 38 (2): 361–376. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01311.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosse, David. 2005. “Global Governance and the Ethnography of International aid.” In The aid Effect: Giving and Governing in International Development, edited by David Mosse and David Lewis, 1–36. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mosse, David, and David Lewis. 2006. “Theoretical Approaches to Brokerage and Translation in Development.” In Development Brokers and Translators, edited by David Mosse and David Lewis, 1–26. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuys, Céline, and Antoine Pécoud. 2007. “Human Trafficking, Information Campaigns, and Strategies of Migration Control.” American Behavioral Scientist 50 (12): 1674–1695. doi: 10.1177/0002764207302474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier de Sardan, Jean-Pierre. 2005. Anthropology and Development. Understanding Contemporary Social Change. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pécoud, Antoine. 2013. “Introduction: Disciplining the Transnational Mobility of People.” In Disciplining the Transnational Mobility of People, edited by Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud, 1–14. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pian, Anaik. 2010. “Le cadre discursif du développement. Des discours et actions politiques concrètes, aux répertoires d’action des associations de refoulés.” International migration institute working paper 25.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, Anne-Line. 2015. “Three Stories about Living Without Migration in Dakar: Coming to Terms with the Contradictions of the Moral Economy.” Africa 85 (2): 333–355. doi: 10.1017/S0001972015000042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, Anne-Line. 2017. “Social Respectability in Dakar at the Time of EU Border Closure: An Ethnography.” PhD thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
   Google Scholar
• Scheel, Stephan. 2017. “‘The Secret is to look Good on Paper’: Appropriating Mobility Within and Against a Machine of Illegalization.” In The Borders of ‘Europe’: Autonomy of Migration, Tactics of Bordering, edited by Nicholas De Genova, 37–63. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Squire, Vicki. 2011. “The Contested Politics of Mobility: Politicising Mobility, Mobilising Politics.” In The Contested Politics of Mobility: Borderzones and Irregularity, edited by Vicki Squire, 1–25. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Streiff-Fénart, Jocelyne, and Philippe Poutignat. 2008. “Nouadhibou ‘ville de transit’?” Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales 24 (2): 193–217. doi: 10.4000/remi.4682
   Google Scholar
• Tall, Serigne Mansour. 2008. “La migration internationale sénégalaise: des recrutements de main-d’œuvre aux pirogues.” In Le Sénégal des migrations. Mobilités, identités et sociétés, edited by Momar-Coumba Diop, 37–67. Paris: Karthala.
   Google Scholar
• Tazzioli, Martina. 2015. Spaces of Governmentality: Autonomous Migration and the Arab Uprisings. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Timera, Mahamet. 2009. “Aventuriers ou orphelins de la migration internationale.” Politique Africaine 115: 175–195. doi: 10.3917/polaf.115.0175
   Google Scholar
• Willems, Roos. 2014. “Local Realities and Global Possibilities: Deconstructing the Imaginations of Aspiring Migrants in Senegal.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 21 (3): 320–335. doi: 10.1080/1070289X.2013.829771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar