The end of ethnicity? Racism and ambivalence among offspring of mixed marriages in Israel

References

• Almog, O. 2000. The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew. Berkeley, California: California University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Yosef, R. W. 2001. “Children of Two Cultures: Immigrant Children from Ethiopia in Israel.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 32 (2): 231–246. doi: 10.3138/jcfs.32.2.231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsma, D. L. 2005. “Interracial Families and the Racial Identification of Mixed- Race Children: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study.” Social Forces 84 (2): 1131–1157. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsma, D. L., D. Delgado, and K. A. Rockquemore. 2013. “Liminality in the Multiracial Experience: Towards a Concept of Identity Matrix.” Identities 20 (5): 481–502. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2013.827576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsma, D. L., and K. A. Rockquemore. 2001. “The New Color Complex: Appearances and Biracial Identity.” Identity 1 (3): 225–246. doi:10.1207/S1532706XID0103_03.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, M. E., and M. R. Herman. 2015. “Both Personal and Public: Measuring Interethnic Marriage Attitudes.” Journal of Social Issues 71 (4): 712–732. doi:10.1111/josi.12145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Y., Y. Haberfeld, and T. Kristal. 2007. “Ethnicity and Mixed Ethnicity: Educational Gaps among Israeli-born Jews.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (5): 896–917. doi: 10.1080/01419870701491887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, V. H., and M. M. Carter. 2007. “Biracial Self-Identification: Impact on Trait Anxiety, Social Anxiety, and Depression.” Identity 7 (2): 103–114. doi:10.1080/15283480701326018.
   Google Scholar
• Davenport, L. D. 2016. “Beyond Black and White: Biracial Attitudes in Contemporary U.S. Politics.” The American Political Science Review 110 (1): 52–67. doi: 10.1017/S0003055415000556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dribe, M., and C. Lundth. 2012. “Intermarriage, Value Context and Union Dissolution: Sweden 1990–2005.” European Journal of Population / Revue Européenne de Démographie 28 (2): 139–158. doi: 10.1007/s10680-011-9253-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenstadt, S. N. 1954. The Absorption of Immigrants: A Comparative Study Based Mainly on the Jewish Community in Palestine and the State of Israel. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenstadt, S. N. 1985. The Transformation of Israeli Society: An Essay in Interpretation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fogiel-Bijaoui, S. 2017. “A Rising Tide? Mixed Families in Israel.” Journal of Israeli History 36 (2): 103–123. doi:10.1080/13531042.2017.1555935.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmijn, M., P. M. de Graaf, and J. P. G. Janssen. 2005. “Intermarriage and the Risk of Divorce in the Netherlands: The Effects of Differences in Religion and in Nationality, 1974–94.” Population Studies 59 (1): 71–85. doi:10.1080/0032472052000332719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamada, L. 2011. Hybrid Identities and Adolescent Girls: Being “Half” in Japan. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Khazzoom, A. 2008. Shifting Ethnic Boundaries and Inequality in Israel, or: How the Polish Peddler Became a German Intellectual. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohn, M. L., and C. Schooler. 1983. Work and Personality: An Inquiry into the Impact of Social Stratification. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., and F. D. Bean. 2004. “America's Changing Color Lines: Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, and Multiracial Identification.” Annual Review of Sociology 30: 221–242. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin-Epstein, N., H. Stier, M. Braun, and B. Langfeldt. 2000. “Family Policy and Public Attitudes in Germany and Israel.” European Sociological Review 16 (4): 385–401. doi: 10.1093/esr/16.4.385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichter, D. T., and Z. Qian. 2018. “Boundary Blurring? Racial Identification among the Children of Interracial Couples.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 677 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1177/0002716218760507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissak, M. 2003. “‘Critical’ Sociologists and ‘Institutional’ Sociologists in the Israeli Academic Community: Ideological Debates or Authentic Academic Discourse?” In An Answer to a Post-Zionist Colleague, edited by Tuvia Friling, 84–108. Tel Aviv: Yediot Achronot. (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Lusk, E. M., M. J. Taylor, J. T. Nanney, and C. C. Austin. 2010. “Biracial Identity and Its Relation to Self-Esteem and Depression in Mixed Black/White Biracial Individuals.” Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work 19 (2): 109–126. doi:10.1080/15313201003771783.
   Google Scholar
• Milewski, N., and H. Kulu. 2014. “Mixed Marriages in Germany: A High Risk of Divorce for Immigrant-Native Couples.” European Journal of Population 30 (1): 89–113. doi:10.1007/s10680-013-9298-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okun, B. S. 2007. “Insights into Ethnic Flux: Marriage Patterns Among Jews of Mixed Ancestryin Israel.” In Israel’s Destiny: Fertility and Mortality in a Divided Society, edited by J. Schellekens and J. Anson, 145. New Brunswick, NJ: Transactional.
   Google Scholar
• Osanami Törngren, S., N. Irastorza, and D. Rodríguez-García. 2021. “Understanding Multiethnic and Multiracial Experiences Globally: Towards a Conceptual Framework of Mixedness.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (4): 763–781. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1654150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osanami Törngren, S., N. Irastorza, and M. Song. 2016. “Toward Building a Conceptual Framework on Intermarriage.” Ethnicities 16 (4): 497–520. doi: 10.1177/1468796816638402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osanami Törngren, S., and Y. Sato. 2021. “Beyond Being Either-or: Identification of Multiracial and Multiethnic Japanese.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (4): 802–820. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1654155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peres, Y. 1978. “Inter-Marriage and Interethnic Relations: A Comparative Study.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1: 428–451. doi: 10.1080/01419870.1978.9993243
   Google Scholar
• Resh, N., and Y. Dar. 1996. “Segregation within Integration in Israeli Junior High Schools.” Israel Social Science Research 11 (1): 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Resnik, J. 2006. “Alternative Identities in Multicultural Schools in Israel: Emancipatory Identity, Mixed Identity and Transnational Identity.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 27 (5): 585–601. doi: 10.1080/01425690600958782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-García, D. 2015. “Introduction: Intermarriage and Integration Revisited: International Experiences and Cross-disciplinary Approaches.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 662 (1): 8–36. doi: 10.1177/0002716215601397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-García, D., M. Solana, A. Ortiz, and B. Ballestín. 2021. “Blurring of Colour Lines? Ethnoracially Mixed Youth in Spain Navigating Identity.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (4): 838–860. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1654157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root, M. P. P., ed. 1992. Racially Mixed People in America. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Said, E. W. 1979. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sala, E., and L. Baldassar. 2017. “‘I Don't Do Much in the Community as an Italian, but in My Family I Do’: A Critique of Symbolic Ethnicity through a Longitudinal Study of Second-Generation Italian Australians.” Journal of Anthropological Research 73 (4): 557–583. doi: 10.1086/694683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saporta, I., and Y. Yonah. 2004. “Pre-Vocational Education: The Making of Israel’s Ethno-Working Class.” Race Ethnicity and Education 7 (3): 251–275. doi: 10.1080/1361332042000257065
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S., I. Maas, and F. van Tubergen. 2012. “Irreconcilable Differences? Ethnic Intermarriage and Divorce in the Netherlands, 1995–2008.” Social Science Research 41 (5): 1126–1137. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, M. 2017. Multiracial Parents: Mixed Families, Generational Change, and the Future of Race. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Y. 1999. “Israel's Ethnic Demon: Inside the Bottle, on a Low Flame.” Megamot 1: 5–30. (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Weintraub, D., M. Lissak, and Y. Azmon. 1969. Moshava, Kibbutz, and Moshav: Patterns of Jewish Rural Settlement and Development in Palestine. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., and K. Goyette. 1997. “The Racial Identification of Biracial Children with One Asian Parent: Evidence from the 1990 Census.” Social Forces 76 (2): 547–570. doi:10.2307/2580724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaish, M. 2001. “Class Structure in A Deeply Divided Society: Class and Ethnic Inequality in Israel, 1974–1991.” The British Journal of Sociology 52 (3): 409–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancey, G., and R. Lewis Jr. 2009. Interracial Families: Current Concepts and Controversies. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yogev, A., and H. Jamshy. 1983. “Children of Ethnic Intermarriage in Israeli Schools: Are They Marginal?” Journal of Marriage and the Family 45 (4): 965. doi:10.2307/351810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., and J. Van Hook. 2009. “Marital Dissolution among Interracial Couples.” Journal of Marriage and Family 71 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00582.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilber, T. B., R. Tuval-Mashiach, and A. Lieblich. 2008. “The Embedded Narrative: Navigating Through Multiple Contexts.” Qualitative Inquiry 14 (6): 1047–1069. doi: 10.1177/1077800408321616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar