Adolescents who stay, parents who migrate: gender inequalities, resilience and coping strategies in Tajikistan

References

• Åkesson, Lisa, Jørgen Carling, and Heike Drotbohm. 2012. “Mobility, Moralities and Motherhood: Navigating the Contingencies of Cape Verdean Lives.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (2): 237–260. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2012.646420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonovsky, Aaron. 1996. “The Salutogenic Model as a Theory to Guide Health Promotion.” Health Promotion International 11 (1): 11–18. doi: 10.1093/heapro/11.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asis, Maruja M. B. 2006. “Living with Migration. Experiences of Left-Behind Children in the Philippines.” Asian Population Studies 2 (1): 45–67. doi: 10.1080/17441730600700556
   Google Scholar
• Bak, M., and K. von Bromssen. 2010. “Interrogating Childhood and Diaspora through the Voices of Children in Sweden.” Childhood 17 (1): 113–128. doi: 10.1177/0907568209352938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, John, and Susie Weller. 2003. “‘Is It Fun?’ Developing Children Centred Research Methods.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23 (1/2): 33–58. doi: 10.1108/01443330310790435
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, Rachel, David Clifford, and Jane Falkingham. 2013. “Household Members’ Migration and the Education of Children ‘Left Behind’: Empirical Findings from Tajikistan and Reflections for Research Practice.” Population, Space and Place 19 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.1002/psp.1698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk, Laura E. 2007. “History, Theory, and Research Strategies.” In Development through Lifespan, 1–43. Illinois: Illinois State University.
   Google Scholar
• Boccagni, Paolo. 2013. “Migration and The Family Transformations It ‘Leaves Behind’: A Critical View from Ecuador.” The Latin Americanist 57 (4): 3–24. doi: 10.1111/tla.12007
   Google Scholar
• Boyden, Jo, and Gillian Mann. 2005. “Children’s Risk, Resilience, and Coping in Extreme Situations.” In Handbook for Working with Children and Youth: Pathways to Resilience Across Cultures and Contexts, edited by Michael Ungar, 3–26. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, Alan. 2015. Social Research Methods. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carling, Jørgen. 2013. “Ensuring the Welfare of Children Who Stay When Parents Migrate.” Prio Policy Brief. Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Carling, Jørgen, Cecilia Menjívar, and Leah Schmalzbauer. 2012. “Central Themes in the Study of Transnational Parenthood.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (2): 191–217. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2012.646417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carling, Jørgen, Marta Bivand Erdal, and Rojan Ezzati. 2014. “Beyond the Insider–Outsider Divide in Migration Research.” Migration Studies 2 (1): 36–54. doi: 10.1093/migration/mnt022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catrinescu, Natalia, Jack Willis, Ian MacAuslan, Valentina Barca, Veronica Sandu, and Martin Rimmer. 2011. Impact of Labour Migration on “Children Left Behind” in Tajikistan. Dushanbe: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Oxford Policy Management.
   Google Scholar
• Cebotari, Victor. 2018. “Transnational Migration, Gender and Educational Development of Children in Tajikistan.” Global Networks 18 (4): 564–588. doi: 10.1111/glob.12193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cebotari, Victor, Valentina Mazzucato, and Melissa Siegel. 2017. “Gendered Perceptions of Migration among Ghanaian Children in Transnational Care.” Child Indicators Research 10 (4): 971–993. doi: 10.1007/s12187-016-9407-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cebotari, Victor, Melissa Siegel, and Valentina Mazzucato. 2016. “Migration and the Education of Children Who Stay Behind in Moldova and Georgia.” International Journal of Educational Development 51 (November): 96–107. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheianu-Andrei, Diana, Rodica Gramma, Stela Milicenco, Valentina Pritcan, Virginia Rusnac, and Dorin Vaculovschi. 2011. Specific Needs of Children and Elderly Left Behind as a Consequence of Migration. Chisinau: IOM, Czech Development Agency and UNFPA.
   Google Scholar
• Cheney, Kristen E. 2008. Pillars of the Nation: Child Citizens and Ugandan National Development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corsaro, William A. 2004. “We’re Friends, Right?: Inside Kids’ Culture.” Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 33 (6): 670–671. doi: 10.1177/009430610403300619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crivello, Gina, Laura Camfield, and Martin Woodhead. 2009. “How Can Children Tell Us About Their Wellbeing? Exploring the Potential of Participatory Research Approaches within Young Lives.” Social Indicators Research 90 (1): 51–72. doi: 10.1007/s11205-008-9312-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Emilio, Anna, Berenice Cordero, Bertrand Bainvel, Christian Skoog, Debora Comini, Jean Gough, Monica Dias, Rhea Saab, and Theresa Kilbane. 2007. “The Impact of International Migration: Children Left Behind in Selected Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.” UNICEF Working Paper. New York: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Démurger, Sylvie, and Hui Xu. 2015. “Left-behind Children and Return Migration in China.” IZA Journal of Migration 4 (1): 10. doi: 10.1186/s40176-015-0035-x
   Google Scholar
• Duque-Páramo, María Claudia. 2012. “Parental Migration in Colombia: Children’s Voices in National and International Perspectives.” The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 17 (3): 472–492. doi: 10.1111/j.1935-4940.2012.01251.x
   Google Scholar
• Eder, Donna, and William Corsaro. 1999. “Ethnographic Studies of Children and Youth.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 28 (5): 520–531. doi: 10.1177/089124199129023640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fattore, Toby, Jan Mason, and Elizabeth Watson. 2007. “Children’s Conceptualisation(s) of Their Well-Being.” Social Indicators Research 80 (1): 5–29. doi: 10.1007/s11205-006-9019-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatskova, Kseniia, Artjoms Ivlevs, and Barbara Dietz. 2017. “Does Migration Affect Education of Girls and Young Women in Tajikistan?”. WIDER Working Paper 2017. No. 104. Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Germano, D., R. Misajon, and R. A. Cummins. 2001. “Quality of Life and Sense of Coherence in People with Arthritis.” Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 8 (4): 253–261. doi: 10.1023/A:1011964729100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, Collette. 2004. Control and Subversion. Gender Relations in Tajikistan. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoang, Lan, and Brenda Yeoh. 2015. “Children’s Agency and its Contradictions in the Context of Transnational Labour Migration from Vietnam.” Global Networks 15 (2): 180–197. doi: 10.1111/glob.12057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, Allison, Chris Jenks, and Alan Prout. 1998. Theorizing Childhood. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• James, Allison, and Alan Prout. 1997. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. New York: Routledge Falmer.
   Google Scholar
• Jaupart, Pascal. 2018. “No Country for Young Men: International Migration and Left-Behind Children in Tajikistan.” Economics of Transition 0 (0): 1–43.
   Google Scholar
• Jerves, Elena, Lucia De Haene, Paul Enzlin, and Peter Rober. 2018. “Adolescents’ Lived Experiences of Close Relationships in the Context of Transnational Families: A Qualitative Study from Ecuador.” Journal of Adolescent Research 33 (3): 363–390. doi: 10.1177/0743558416664027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jingzhong, Ye. 2011. “Left-behind Children: The Social Price of China’s Economic Boom.” Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (3): 613–650. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2011.582946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, Lucy P., and Elspeth Graham. 2012. “Resilience and Well-Being among Children of Migrant Parents in South-East Asia.” Child Development 83 (5): 1672–1688. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01810.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasymova, Sofiya R. 2008. “Gender Relations in Tajik Society.” In Gender Politics in Central Asia. Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women, edited by Christa Hammerle, Nikola Langreiter, Margareth Lanzinger, and Edith Saurer, 35–46. Wien: Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar.
   Google Scholar
• Lam, Theodora, Brenda Yeoh, and Lan Hoang. 2013. “Transnational Migration and Changing Care Arrangements for Left-Behind Children in Southeast Asia: A Selective Literature Review.” 207. Asia Research Institute Working-Paper Series. Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Masten, Ann S. 2001. “Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development.” American Psychologist 56 (3): 227–238. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzucato, Valentina, and Bilisuma Dito. 2018. “Transnational Families: Cross-Country Comparative Perspectives.” Population, Space and Place 24 (7): e2165. doi: 10.1002/psp.2165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzucato, Valentina, and Djamila Schans. 2011. “Transnational Families and the Well-Being of Children: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges.” Journal of Marriage and Family 73 (4): 704–712. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00840.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishna, Faye, Beverley Antle, and Cheryl Regehr. 2004. “Tapping the Perspectives of Children. Emerging Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Social Work: Research and Practice 3 (4): 449–468. doi: 10.1177/1473325004048025
   Google Scholar
• Mughal, Abdul-Ghaffar. 2007. “Migration, Remittances, and Living Standards in Tajikistan. A Report Based on Khatlon Remittances and Living Standards Measurement Survey (KLSS 2005).” Dushanbe.
   Google Scholar
• Nazridod, Shukriya. 2014. “The Migration of Parents and its Effects on Children Left Behind: A Case Study on Families in Khorog, Tajikistan.” Bachelor thesis. American University of Central Asia, Department of Sociology, Kyrgyzstan.
   Google Scholar
• NíLaoire, Caitríona, Fina Carpena-Méndez, Naomi Tyrrell, and Allen White. 2010. “Introduction: Childhood and Migration — Mobilities, Homes and Belongings.” Childhood 17 (2): 155–162. doi: 10.1177/0907568210365463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noy, Chaim. 2008. “Sampling Knowledge: The Hermeneutics of Snowball Sampling in Qualitative Research.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11 (4): 327–344. doi: 10.1080/13645570701401305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olwig, Karen Fog. 1999. “Narratives of the Children Left Behind: Home and Identity in Globalised Caribbean Families.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 25 (2): 267–284. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976685
   Google Scholar
• Parreñas, Rachel Salazar. 2005. Children of Global Migration: Transnational Families and Gendered Woes. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Qvortrup, Jens. 2004. “Editorial: The Waiting Child.” Childhood 11 (3): 267–273. doi: 10.1177/0907568204044884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleebey, Dennis. 1996. “The Strengths Perspective in Social Work Practice: Extensions and Cautions.” Social Work 41 (3): 296–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, S., X. Li, D. Lin, X. Xu, and M. Zhu. 2013. “Psychological Adjustment among Left-Behind Children in Rural China: The Role of Parental Migration and Parent-Child Communication.” Child: Care, Health and Development 39 (2): 162–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Bank. 2017. “Tajikistan: Addressing Challenges to Create More and Better Jobs.” World Bank Data. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tajikistan/publication/tajikistan-addressing-challenges-to-create-more-and-better-jobs.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. 2018. “Bilateral Migration Matrix 2017.” http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. 2019. “Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP).” World Bank Staff Estimates Based on IMF Balance of Payments Data, and World Bank and OECD GDP Estimates. The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2018. Human Development Report 2018. http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/TJK.
   Google Scholar
• Waksler, Frances Chaput. 1996. The Little Trials of Childhood and Children’s Strategies for Dealing with Them. London: The Falmer Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolcott, Harry F. 1990. “Making a Study ‘More Ethnographic.’” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19 (1): 44–72. doi: 10.1177/089124190019001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Qiaobing, Bill Tsang, and Holly Ming. 2014. “Social Capital, Family Support, Resilience and Educational Outcomes of Chinese Migrant Children.” British Journal of Social Work 44 (3): 636–656. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcs139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar