References
- Agier, Michel. 2016. Borderlands: Towards an Anthropology of the Cosmopolitan Condition. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Amnesty International. 2013. Scapegoats of Fear. Rights of Refugees, Asylum-Seekers and Migrants Abused in Libya. London: Amnesty International. Accessed July 12. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/16000/mde190072013en.pdf.
- Andersson, Ruben. 2014. Illegality, Inc.: Clandestine Migration and the Business of Bordering Europe. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Ansems de Vries, Leonie, and Elspeth Guild. 2019. “Seeking Refuge in Europe: Spaces of Transit and the Violence of Migration Management.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (12): 2156–2166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468308
- Aziz, Abdel, Paola Monzini, and Ferruccio Pastore. 2015. The Changing Dynamics of Cross-Border Human Smuggling and Trafficking in the Mediterranean. Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali.
- Baird, Adam. 2012. “The Violent Gang and the Construction of Masculinity Amongst Socially Excluded Young Men.” Safer Communities 11 (4): 179–190. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/17578041211271445
- Barker, Gary, and Christine Ricardo. 2005. Young men and the Construction of Masculinity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for HIV/AIDS, Conflict, and Violence. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Bensaâd, Ali. 2007. “The Mediterranean Divide and Its Echo in the Sahara. New Migratory Routes and New Barriers on the Path to the Mediterranean.” In Between Europe and the Mediterranean, edited by T. Fabre and P. Sant-Cassia, 51–69. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Boyd, Monica, and Elizabeth Grieco. 2003. Women and Migration: Incorporating Gender into International Migration Theory. Washington, DC: Migration Information.
- Brachet, Julien. 2009. Migrations transsahariennes. Vers un désert cosmopolite et morcelé (Niger). Paris: Éditions du Croquant.
- Brickell, Chris. 2003. “Performativity or Performance? Clarifications in the Sociology of Gender.” New Zealand Sociology 18 (2): 158–178.
- Clark, Christina. 2007. “Understanding Vulnerability: From Categories to Experiences of Young Congolese People in Uganda.” Children & Society 21 (4): 284–296. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2007.00100.x
- Cole, Alyson. 2016. “All of Us are Vulnerable, but Some are More Vulnerable than Others: The Political Ambiguity of Vulnerability Studies, an Ambivalent Critique.” Critical Horizons 17 (2): 260–277. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14409917.2016.1153896
- Connell, Raewyn. 2002. “On Hegemonic Masculinity and Violence: Response to Jefferson & Hall.” Theoretical Criminology 6 (1): 89–99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/136248060200600104
- Connell, Raewyn. 2005. Masculinities. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Connell, Raewyn, and James W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender and Society 19 (6): 829–859. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
- Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2005. “Being en route.” American Anthropologist 107 (2): 195–206. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2005.107.2.195
- Crawley, Heaven, and Dimitris Skleparis. 2018. “Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis’.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (1): 48–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1348224
- Cresswell, Tim, and Tanu Priya Uteng. 2008. “Gendered Mobilities: Towards an Holistic Understanding.” In Gendered Mobilities, edited by Tim Cresswell and Tanu Priya Uteng, 15–26. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
- De Haas, Hein. 2006. Trans-Saharan Migration to North Africa and the EU: Historical Roots and Current Trends. Migration Information Source. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Accessed November 22, 2019. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/trans-saharan-migration-north-africa-and-eu-historical-roots-and-current-trends.
- Farahani, Fataneh. 2012. “Diasporic Masculinities: Reflections on Gendered, Raced and Classed Displacements.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 2 (2): 159–166. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10202-011-0038-5
- FIDH. 2012. Libya: The Hounding of Migrants Must Stop. Paris: Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l'Homme. Accessed July 14, 2019. https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/libyemignantsuk-ld.pdf.
- Freedman, Jane. 2019. “The Uses and Abuses of ‘Vulnerability’ in EU Asylum and Refugee Protection: Protecting Women or Reducing Autonomy?” Papeles del CEIC 1 (204): 1–15.
- Frontex. 2017. Risk Analysis for 2017. Warsaw: Frontex. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Annual_Risk_Analysis_2017.pdf.
- Galos, Elisa, Laura Bartolini, Harry Cook, and Naomi Grant. 2017. Migrant Vulnerability to Human Trafficking and Exploitation: Evidence from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Migration Routes. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM).
- Gerard, Alison, and Sharon Pickering. 2013. “Gender, Securitization and Transit: Refugee Women and the Journey to the EU.” Journal of Refugee Studies 27 (3): 338–359. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fet019
- Grotti, Vanessa, Cynthia Malakasis, Chiara Quagliariello, and Nina Sahraoui. 2018. “Shifting Vulnerabilities: Gender and Reproductive Care on the Migrant Trail to Europe.” Comparative Migration Studies 6 (1): 23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0089-z
- Hammack, Phillip L. 2011. “Narrative and the Politics of Meaning.” Narrative Inquiry 21 (2): 311–318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.21.2.09ham.
- Hamood, Sara. 2006. African Transit Migration Through Libya to Europe: The Human Cost. Cairo: The American University in Cairo, Forced Migration and Refugee Studies.
- Holzberg, Billy, Kristina Kolbe, and Rafal Zaborowski. 2018. “Figures of Crisis: The Delineation of (Un) Deserving Refugees in the German Media.” Sociology 52 (3): 534–550. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518759460
- Horwood, Christopher. 2014. “From Sub-Saharan Africa Through North Africa: Tracking Deaths Along the Way.” In Fatal Journeys. Tracking Lives Lost During Migration, edited by Tara Brian and Frank Laczko, 109–139. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM).
- Howson, Richard. 2014. “Re-Thinking Aspiration and Hegemonic Masculinity in Transnational Context.” Masculinities and Social Change 3 (1): 18–35.
- Jaji, Rosemary. 2009. “Masculinity on Unstable Ground: Young Refugee Men in Nairobi, Kenya.” Journal of Refugee Studies 22 (2): 177–194. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fep007
- Janssen, Diederik F. 2007. “Male Initiation: Imagining Ritual Necessity.” Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality 1 (3): 215–234.
- Kofman, Eleonore. 2019. “Gendered Mobilities and Vulnerabilities: Refugee Journeys to and in Europe.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (12): 2185–2199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468330
- Langellier, Kristin, and Eric Peterson. 2004. Storytelling in Daily Life: Performing Narrative. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- Løvgren, Rose. 2015. Masculinity and Mass Violence in Africa: Ongoing Debates, Concepts and Trends. Copenaghen: DIIS Working Paper.
- Mbembe, Achille. 2001. On the Postcolony. 1st ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- McMahon, Simon, and Nando Sigona. 2018. “Navigating the Central Mediterranean in a Time of ‘Crisis’: Disentangling Migration Governance and Migrant Journeys.” Sociology 52 (3): 497–514. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518762082
- Myrttinen, Henri, Lana Khattab, and Charbel Maydaa. 2017. “‘Trust No one, Beware of Everyone.’ Vulnerabilities of LGBTI Refugees in Lebanon.” In A Gendered Approach to the Syrian Refugee Crisis, edited by Jane Freedman, Zeynep Kivilcim, and Nurcan Özgür Baklacıoğlu, 61–76. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Myrttinen, Henri, Lana Khattab, and Jana Naujoks. 2017. “Re-Thinking Hegemonic Masculinities in Conflict-Affected Contexts.” Critical Military Studies 3 (2): 103–119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2016.1262658
- Palillo, Marco. 2018. “‘If I Die Here, I’m a Hero!’ On Masculinity and Vulnerability among Male Asylum Seekers.” Journal of Extreme Anthropology 2 (1): 28–45. doi: https://doi.org/10.5617/jea.6030
- Quesada, James, Laurie Kain Hart, and Philippe Bourgois. 2011. “Structural Vulnerability and Health: Latino Migrant Laborers in the United States.” Medical Anthropology 30 (4): 339–362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2011.576725
- Ricciardelli, Rosemary, Katharina Maier, and Kelly Hannah-Moffat. 2015. “Strategic Masculinities: Vulnerabilities, Risk and the Production of Prison Masculinities.” Theoretical Criminology 19 (4): 491–513. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480614565849
- RMMS. 2013. Migrant Smuggling in the Horn of Africa & Yemen the Political Economy and Protection Risks. Nairobi: Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat.
- Rubin, Herbert J., and Irene Rubin. 2012. Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Schapendonk, Joris. 2018. “Navigating the Migration Industry: Migrants Moving Through an African-European web of Facilitation/Control.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (4): 663–679. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315522
- Scheibelhofer, Paul. 2017. “‘It Won’t Work Without Ugly Pictures’: Images of Othered Masculinities and the Legitimisation of Restrictive Refugee-Politics in Austria.” NORMA 12 (2): 96–111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2017.1341222
- Seckinelgin, Hakan, Joseph Bigirumwami, and Jill Morris. 2010. “Securitization of HIV/AIDS in Context: Gendered Vulnerability in Burundi.” Security Dialogue 41 (5): 515–535. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010610382110
- Silverman, Eric K. 2004. “Anthropology and Circumcision.” Annual Review of Anthropology 33 (1): 419–445. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143706
- Sinatti, Giulia. 2014. “Masculinities and Intersectionality in Migration: Transnational Wolof Migrants Negotiating Manhood and Gendered Family Roles.” In Migration, Gender and Social Justice, edited by Thanh-Dam Truong, Des Gasper, Jeff Handmaker, and Sylvia I. Bergh, 215–224. Heidelberg: Springer. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28012-2.
- Somers, Margaret. 1994. “The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach.” Theory and Society 23 (5): 605–649. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992905
- Sözer, Hande. 2020. “Humanitarianism with a Neo-Liberal Face: Vulnerability Intervention as Vulnerability Redistribution.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (11): 2163–2180. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1573661
- SPRAR. 2018. Rapporto annuale Sprar. Atlante Sprar 2017. Roma: Sistema di protezione per richiedenti asilo e rifugiati (SPRAR). Accessed November 29, 2019. https://www.sprar.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Atlante-Sprar-2017_Light.pdf.
- Toaldo, Mattia, and Mary Fitzgerald. 2016. “A Quick Guide to Libya’s Main Players.” European Council on Foreign Relation, June 15. Accessed July 14, 2019. https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/Lybias_Main_Players.pdf.
- Toerien, Merran, and Kevin Durrheim. 2001. “Power Through Knowledge: Ignorance and the ‘Real Man’.” Feminism & Psychology 11 (1): 35–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353501011001003
- Triulzi, Alessandro. 2012. “‘Like a Plate of Spaghetti’: Migrant Narratives from the Libya-Lampedusa Route.” In Long Journeys. African Migrants on the Road, edited by Alessandro Triulzi and Robert L. McKenzie, 213–232. Leiden: Brill.
- Turner, Victor. 1969. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structures. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
- Turner, Simon. 2010. Politics of Innocence: Hutu Identity, Conflict, and Camp Life. Studies in Forced Migration; v. 30. New York: Berghahn Books.
- Turner, Lewis. 2016. “Are Syrian Men Vulnerable Too? Gendering the Syria Refugee Response.” Middle East Institute, November 29. Accessed July 16, 2019. http://www.mei.edu/content/map/are-syrian-men-vulnerable-too- gendering-syria-refugee-response.
- Turner, Lewis. 2019a. “Syrian Refugee Men as Objects of Humanitarian Care.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 21 (4): 595–616. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2019.1641127
- Turner, Lewis. 2019b. “The Politics of Labeling Refugee Men as ‘Vulnerable’.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 1–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxz033.
- UNODC. 2018. Global Study on Smuggling of Migrants. New York: United Nations. Accessed July 12, 2019. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glosom/GLOSOM_2018_web_small.pdf.
- Whitehead, Antony. 2005. “Man to Man Violence: How Masculinity May Work as a Dynamic Risk Factor.” Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 44 (4): 411–422. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2005.00385.x
- Wittenberg, Liska. 2017. Managing Mixed Migration: The Central Mediterranean Route to Europe. New York: International Peace Institute.