References
- Allen, W., E. E. Telles, and M. Hunter. 2000. “Skin color, income, and education: A comparison of African Americans and Mexican Americans.” National Journal of Sociology 12: 129–180.
- Alleyne, M. C. 2002. Construction and representation of race and ethnicity in the Caribbean and the world. Kingston: University of West Indies Press.
- Bahadoorsingh, K. 1966. Trinidad electoral politics: The persistence of the race factor (Unpublished dissertation). Indiana University.
- Bailey, S. R., F. M. Fialho, and A. M. Penner. 2016. “Interrogating race: Color, racial categories, and class across the Americas.” American Behavioral Scientist 60: 538–555.
- Bailey, S. R., M. Loveman, and J. O. Muniz. 2013. “Measures of ‘race’ and the analysis of racial inequality in Brazil.” Social Science Research 42 (1): 106–119.
- Bailey, S. R., A. Saperstein, and A. M. Penner. 2014. “Race, color, and income inequality across the Americas.” Demographic Research 31: 735–756.
- Banton, M. 2012. “The color line and the color scale in the twentieth century.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35: 1109–1131.
- Brown-Glaude, W. 2007. “The fact of blackness? The bleached body in contemporary Jamaica.” Small Axe 11 (3): 34–51.
- Bryan, P. 2004. “The settlement of the Chinese in Jamaica: 1854–c.1970.” Caribbean Quarterly 50 (2): 15–25. doi:10.1080/00086495.2004.11672230.
- Burns, A. 1954. History of the British West Indies. London: George Allen & Unwin.
- Campbell, H. G. 2014. “Coral Gardens 1963: The Rastafari and Jamaican independence.” Social and Economic Studies 63 (1): 197–214.
- Campbell, M. E., J. L. Bratter, and W. D. Roth. 2016. “Measuring the diverging components of race: An introduction.” American Behavioral Scientist 60: 381–389.
- Central Intelligence Agency. 2020. Trinidad and Tobago. In The world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=td&v=69.
- Charles, C. A. 2009. “Skin bleachers’ representations of skin color in Jamaica.” Journal of Black Studies 40: 153–170.
- Douglass, L. 1992. The power of sentiment: Love, hierarchy, and the Jamaican family elite. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- England, S. 2008. “Reading the Dougla body: Mixed-race, post-race, and other narratives of what it means to be mixed in Trinidad.” Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 3 (1): 1–31.
- Feliciano, C. 2016. “Shades of race: How phenotype and observer characteristics shape racial classification.” American Behavioral Scientist 60 (4): 390–419.
- Gordon, D. 1991. “Access to high school education in postwar Jamaica.” In Education and society in the Commonwealth Caribbean, edited by E. Miller, 181–206. Kingston: Institute of Social and Economic Research, UWI.
- Gosine, M. 1987. “Culture and ethnic participation in a social movement: The case of the East Indians and the Black Power movement in Trinidad.” In Indians in the Caribbean, edited by B. I. J. Singh, 217–235. London: Oriental University Press.
- Hall, S. 1997. Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices (Vol. 2). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Henke, H. 2001. The West Indian Americans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Ho, C. 1989. “‘Hold the chow mein, gimme Soca’: Creolization of the Chinese in Guyana, Trinidad, and Jamaica.” Amerasia Journal 15 (2): 3–25.
- Hunter, M. L. 2007. “The persistent problem of colorism: Skin tone, status, and inequality.” Sociology Compass 1: 237–254.
- Jablonski, N. G., and G. Chaplin. 2000. “The evolution of human skin coloration.” Journal of Human Evolution 39 (1): 57–106.
- Johnson, H. 1983. “The anti-Chinese riots of 1918 in Jamaica.” Immigrants & Minorities 2 (1): 50–63.
- Kelly, M. D. A. 2020. “Examining race in Jamaica: How racial category and skin color structure social inequality.” Race and Social Problems 12 (4): 300–312.
- Kim, C. J. 1999. “The racial triangulation of Asian Americans.” Politics & Society 27 (1): 105–138.
- Kim, C. J. 2018. “Are Asians the new blacks?: Affirmative action, anti-blackness, and the ‘sociometry’ of race.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 15 (2): 217–244.
- Lacey, T. 1977. Violence and politics in Jamaica, 1960–70: Internal security in a developing country. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP). 2012. AmericasBarometer for Trinidad and Tobago. www.lapopsurveys.org.
- Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP). 2014. AmericasBarometer for Trinidad and Tobago. www.lapopsurveys.org.
- Lee-Loy, A. 2015. “An antiphonal announcement: Jamaica’s anti-Chinese legislation in transnational context.” Journal of Asian American Studies 18 (2): 141–164. doi:10.1353/jaas.2015.0010.
- Levi, D. E. 1992. “Fragmented nationalism: Jamaica since 1938.” History of European Ideas 15 (1–3): 413–417.
- Levy, J. 1986. “The economic role of the Chinese in Jamaica: The grocery retail trade.” The Jamaican Historical Review 15: 31–50.
- Meeks, B. 2000. Narratives of resistance: Jamaica, Trinidad, the Caribbean. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.
- Miller, E. 1990. Jamaican society and high schooling. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Economic and Social Research.
- Minnesota Population Center. 2015. IPUM International: Jamaica 2001 data and Trinidad and Tobago 2000 data. https://international.ipums.org/international/.
- Monk, E. P. 2016. “The consequences of “race and color” in Brazil.” Social Problems 63: 413–430.
- Munasinghe, V. 2001. Callaloo or tossed salad?: East Indians and the cultural politics of identity in Trinidad. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Nettleford, R. 1965. “National identity and attitudes to race in Jamaica.” Race 7 (1): 59–72.
- Nettleford, R. 1970. Mirror, mirror: Identity, race, and protest in Jamaica. Jamaica: W. Collins and Sangster.
- Neufville, Z. 2011, September 27. Jamaica: Wanted: Light-skinned only, please. Inter Press Service. https://www.ipsnews.net/2011/09/jamaica-wanted-light-skinned-only-please/.
- Oliver, M., and T. Shapiro. 2013. Black wealth/white wealth: A new perspective on racial inequality. New York: Routledge.
- Pager, D., B. Bonikowski, and B. Western. 2009. “Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: A field experiment.” American Sociological Review 74 (5): 777–799.
- Painter II, M. A., S. Noy, and M. D. Holmes. 2020. “Skin tone and asset inequality in Latin America.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (18): 3892–3919.
- Paredes, C. L. 2018. “Multidimensional ethno-racial status in context of Mestizaje: Ethno-racial stratification in contemporary Peru.” Socius 4: 1–18.
- Phillips, P. 1988. “Race, class, nationalism: A perspective on twentieth-century social movements in Jamaica.” Social and Economic Studies 37 (3): 97–124.
- Reddy, M. 2011. “Challenging democracy: Ethnicity in postcolonial Fiji and Trinidad.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 17 (2): 182–202.
- Robinson, C. J. 2020. Black Marxism, revised and updated third edition: The making of the black radical tradition. Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books.
- Roth, W. 2016. “The multiple dimensions of race.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39: 1310–1338.
- Ryan, S. D. 1999. The Jhandi and the cross: The clash of cultures in post-Creole Trinidad and Tobago. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies.
- Ryan, S., E. Greene, and J. Harwood. 1979. The confused electorate: A study of political attitudes and opinions in Trinidad and Tobago. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Institute of Social and Economic Research. University of the West Indies.
- Saperstein, A., J. M. Kizer, and A. M. Penner. 2016. “Making the most of multiple measures: Disentangling the effects of different dimensions of race in survey research.” American Behavioral Scientist 60 (4): 519–537.
- Segal, D. 1993. ““Race” and “color” in pre-independence Trinidad and Tobago.” In Trinidad ethnicity, edited by K. Yelvington, 81–115. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
- Shangi, L. M. 1983. “Racial stratification, sex, and mental ability: A comparison of five groups in Trinidad.” Journal of Black Studies 14 (1): 69–82.
- Simpson, V. 2015. “‘Shades of spade’: Racial taxonomy in Puerto Rico and the Anglophone Caribbean.” In Another black like me: The construction of identities and solidarity in the African diaspora, edited by E. P. Rocha, and B. N. Rosa, 46–64. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Sriskandarajah, D. 2005. “Development, inequality, and ethnic accommodation: Clues from Malaysia, Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago.” Oxford Development Studies 33 (1): 63–79.
- Statistical Institute of Jamaica. 2011. Jamaica 2011 population census. https://statinja.gov.jm/Census/PopCensus/Popcensus2011Index.aspx.
- Stone, C. 1971. Stratification and political change in Trinidad and Jamaica (No. 26). Beverly Hill, CA: Sage Publications.
- Telles, E. 2012. “The overlapping concepts of race and color in Latin America.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35: 1163–1168.
- Telles, E. 2014. Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, race, and color in Latin America. Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books.
- Telles, E., and S. Bailey. 2013. “Understanding Latin American beliefs about racial inequality.” American Journal of Sociology 118 (6): 1559–1595.
- Telles, E. E., R. D. Flores, and F. Urrea-Giraldo. 2015. “Pigmentocracies: Educational inequality, skin color and census ethnoracial identification in eight Latin American countries.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 40: 39–58.
- Telles, E., and L. Steele. 2012. AmericasBarometer insights. www.AmericasBarometer.org.
- Thomas, D. A. 2002. “Democratizing dance: Institutional transformation and hegemonic re-ordering in postcolonial Jamaica.” Cultural Anthropology 17 (4): 512–550.
- Thomas, D. A. 2004. Modern blackness: Nationalism, globalization, and the politics of culture in Jamaica. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Planning and Sustainable Development. Central Statistical Office. 2011. Trinidad and Tobago 2011 housing and population census. https://cso.gov.tt/census/2011-census-data/.
- Tsang, M. C., M. Fryer, and G. Arevalo. 2002. Access, equity, and performance: Education in Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
- Vertovec, S. 1995. “Indian indentured migration to the Caribbean.” In The Cambridge survey of world migration, edited by R. Cohen, 57–62. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
- Wallace, D. 2009. “Lighten up yu self! The politics of lightness, success & color consciousness in urban Jamaica.” Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 14: 27–50.
- Williams, E. 1962. History of the people of Trinidad and Tobago. Buffalo, NY: Frederick A. Praeger.
- World Bank. 2020. World development indicators. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/.