References
- Alpes, Maybritt Jill, and Alexis Spire. 2014. “Dealing with Law in Migration Control: The Powers of Street-Level Bureaucrats at French Consulates.” Social and Legal Studies 23 (2): 261–274. doi:10.1177/0964663913510927.
- Boswell, Christina. 2009. The Political Use of Expert Knowledge. Immigration Policy and Social Research. Cambridge: CUP.
- Brodkin, Evelyn. 2011. “Putting Street-Level Organizations First: New Directions for Social Policy and Management Research.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21: i199–i201. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq094.
- Brokenshire, James. 2015. “Equality Act 2010.” Statement to Parliament by the Minister for Security and Immigration announcing new authorisation: The Equality (Consideration of Immigration Applications and Removal Directions) Authorisation 2015. Accessed 1 Aug 2021. https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-statements/detail/2015-02-26/hcws309.
- Blacque FOI 42284. 2017. “Five Country Conference and UK & US New Security Data Sharing Agreement.” Accessed 1 Aug 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/five_country_conference_and_uk_u#incoming-918768.
- Bolt, David. 2015. A Short-notice Inspection of the Amman Visa Section, March 2015. London: Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration.
- Bolt, David. 2016. An Inspection of the Intelligence Functions of Border Force and Immigration Enforcement November 2015-May 2016. London: Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration.
- Bolt, David. 2017. An inspection of entry clearance processing operations in Croydon and Istanbul November 2016 – March 2017. London: Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration.
- Burstein, Paul. 1991. “Policy Domains: Organization, Culture, and Policy Outcomes.” Annual Review of Sociology 17 (1): 327–350.
- Carriers Liaison Section. 2015. “Charging procedures: A guide for carriers. Version 9.” Guidance for carriers on sanctions under Section 40 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (as amended). London: Home Office.
- Côté-Boucher, Karine, Federica Infantino, and Mark Salter. 2014. “Border Security as Practice.” Security Dialogue 45 (3): 195–208. doi:10.1177/0967010614533243.
- Douglas, Mary, and Aaron Wildavsky. 1982. Risk and Culture. London: University of California Press.
- Eule, Tobias, David Loher, and Anna Wyss. 2018. “Contested Control and the Margins of the State.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (16): 2717–2729. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1401511.
- FCO (Foreign and Commonwealth Office). 2008. Better World, Better Britain: Department Report, 1 April 2007 – 31 March 2008. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
- FCDO (Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office). 2021. “Upstream Border Capacity Building and Training (IEI).” Accessed February 2022. Development Tracker website: https://devtracker.fcdo.gov.uk/projects/GB-GOV-6-04
- FitzGerald, David Scott. 2019. Refuge Beyond Reach: How Rich Democracies Repel Asylum Seekers. New York: Oxford University Press.
- FitzGerald, David Scott. 2020. “Remote Control of Migration: Theorising Territoriality, Shared Coercion, and Deterrence.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (1): 4–22. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1680115.
- Freeman, Richard. 2008. “Learning in Public Policy.” In The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, edited by Robert Goodin, Michael Moran, and Martin Rein, 367–388. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Gamson, William, and Gadi Wolfsfeld. 1993. “Movements and Media as Interacting Systems.” ANNALS AAPSS 528 (1): 114–125. doi:10.1177/0002716293528001009.
- Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- HM Government. 2016a. “Immigration Liaison Officer.” Job vacancy, immigration liaison officer, New Delhi, India. Accessed October 2021. https://fco.tal.net/vx/mobile-0/appcentre-ext/brand-2/candidate/so/pm/4/pl/1/opp/368-Immigration-Liaison-Officer/en-G.
- HM Government. 2016b. “Immigration Liaison Officer B3 (L).” Job vacancy, immigration liaison officer, Bangkok, Thailand. Accessed October 2021. https://fco.tal.net/vx/lang-en-GB/mobile-0/appcentre-1/brand-2/candidate/so/pm/4/pl/1/opp/1033-BK-Immigration-Liaison-Officer-B3-L-INTERNAL-VACANCY/en-GB.
- HM Government. 2016c. “Immigration Liaison Officer.” Job vacancy, immigration liaison officer, Bogota, Colombia. Accessed October 2021. https://fco.tal.net/vx/mobile-0/appcentre-ext/brand-2/candidate/so/pm/4/pl/1/opp/539-Immigration-Liaison-Officer-ILO/en-GB.
- HM Government. 2017. “Immigration Liaison Officer B3.” Job vacancy, immigration liaison officer, New Delhi, India. Accessed October 2021. https://fco.tal.net/vx/mobile-0/appcentre-ext/brand-2/candidate/so/pm/4/pl/1/opp/3213-Immigration-Liaison-Officer-B3/en-GB.
- HM Government. 2019. “Immigration Liaison Officer, Immigration Enforcement International.” Job vacancy, immigration liaison officer, Bogota, Colombia. Accessed October 2021. https://fco.tal.net/vx/mobile-0/appcentre-ext/brand-0/candidate/so/pm/4/pl/1/opp/9292-Immigration-Liaison-Officer-Immigration-Enforcement-International/en-GB.
- HM Government. 2020. “Immigration Liaison Officer – Immigration Enforcement International B3(L).” Job vacancy, immigration liaison officer, Bangkok, Thailand. Accessed October 2021. https://fco.tal.net/vx/mobile-0/appcentre-ext/brand-2/candidate/so/pm/4/pl/1/opp/13007-BK-Immigration-Liaison-Officer-Immigration-Enforcement-International-B3-L/en-GB.
- HO (Home Office). 2007. Securing the UK Border: Our vision and strategy for the future. London: Home Office.
- HO. 2009. “New countries face tough visa rules.” Press release, 9 February 2009. Home Office. Accessed August 2021. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20100403011144/http:/www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/newsarticles/newcountriesfacetoughvisarules.
- HO. 2011. “Impact assessment no. HO0059: Changes to the UK’s Transit Visa Regime for Syria, Libya and Egypt.” Home Office. Accessed August 2021. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukia/2011/351/pdfs/ukia_20110351_en.pdf.
- HO. 2015a. Annual Report and Accounts 2014-15 (For the year ended 31 March 2015). London: Home Office.
- HO. 2015b. The Response to the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman Investigation into a Complaint by Mrs A and her Family about the Home Office. London: Home Office.
- HO. 2019. Immigration Enforcement International – Official Development Assistance Programme Benefits Assessment. London: Home Office.
- HO and FCO. 2010. International Challenges, International Solutions: Managing the Movement of People and Goods. Home Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
- Infantino, Federica. 2016. Out Sourcing Border Control. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Infantino, Federica. 2021. “How Does Policy Change at the Street-Level? Local Knowledge, a Community of Practice and EU Visa Police Implementation in Morocco.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (5): 1028–1046.
- Infantino, Federica, and Andrea Rea. 2012. “La Mobilisation D’un Savoir Pratique Local: Attribution Des Visas Schengen au Consulat Général de Belgique à Casablanca.” Sociologies Pratiques 24: 67–78. doi:10.3917/sopr.024.0067.
- Jubany, Olga. 2011. “Constructing Truths in a Culture of Disbelief: Understanding Asylum Screening from Within.” International Sociology 26 (1): 74–94.
- Kingham FOI 32905. 2014. “Hub and spoke network for the processing of entry clearance applications”. Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/hub_and_spoke_network_for_the_pr#incoming-571598.
- Lake, David A. 2009. Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Lipsky, Michael. 2010. Street-level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York: Russel Sage.
- March, James G., and Johan P. Olsen. 1989. Rediscovering Institutions. New York: Free Press.
- Mau, Steffen, Fabian Gülzau, Lena Laube, and Natascha Zaun. 2015. “The Global Mobility Divide: How Visa Policies Have Evolved Over Time.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (8): 1192–1213. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1005007.
- NAO (National Audit Office). 2004. Visa Entry to the United Kingdom: The Entry Clearance Operation. London: National Audit Office.
- Neumayer, Eric. 2010. “Visa Restrictions and Bilateral Travel.” The Professional Geographer 62 (2): 171–181. doi:10.1080/00330121003600835.
- ONS (Office for National Statistics). 2019. “Table 1: Asylum applications and initial decisions for main applicants, by country of nationality.” Immigration statistics, year ending March 2019. London: Office for National Statistics and Home Office
- Ostrand FOI 40413. 2016. “RALON Locations and Number of Staff.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/ralon_locations_and_number_of_st.
- Ostrand FOI 42565. 2016. “Joint Visa Application Centres.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/joint_visa_application_centres#incoming-933271.
- Ostrand FOI 44306. 2017. “Hub and spoke visa locations for January 2017.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/hub_and_spoke_visa_locations_for.
- Ostrand FOI 45995. 2018. “RALON in 2010, 2012 and 2015.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/ralon_in_2010_2012_and_2015.
- Ostrand FOI 46078. 2018. “Profiling for immigration purposes.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/profiling_for_immigration_purpos#incoming-1110025.
- Ostrand FOI 47192. 2018. “UKVI access to international databases.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/ukvi_access_to_international_dat#incoming-1114345.
- Ostrand Internal Review FOI 40413. 2016. “Internal review – RALON Locations and Number of Staff.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/ralon_locations_and_number_of_st#incoming-904299.
- Ostrand Internal Review FOI 43366. 2017. “Internal review – Border Force posted abroad.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/border_force_posted_abroad#incoming-1016216.
- Ostrand Internal Review FOI 45995. 2018. “Internal review – RALON in 2010, 2012 and 2015.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/ralon_in_2010_2012_and_2015#incoming-1128412.
- Ostrand, Nicole. 2022. “Overseas Immigration Liaison Officers: ‘Knowledge Brokers’ and Transnational Spaces of mid-Level Negotiations Shaping Extraterritorial Migration Control Practices.” Migration Studies 10 (1): 41–61. doi:10.1093/migration/mnac004.
- Ostrand, Nicole, and Paul Statham. 2021. “‘Street-Level’ Agents Operating Beyond ‘Remote Control’: How Overseas Liaison Officers and Foreign State Officials Shape UK Extraterritorial Migration Management.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (1): 25–45. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1782729.
- Pierson, Paul. 1993. “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change.” World Politics 45 (4): 595–628. doi:10.2307/2950710.
- Pressman, Jeffrey, and Aaron Wildavsky. 1984. Implementation. 3rd ed. Berkley: California University Press.
- Scheel, Stephan. 2018. “Real Fake? Appropriating Mobility via Schengen Visa in the Context of Biometric Border Controls.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (16): 2747–2763.
- Scholten, Sophie. 2015. The Privatisation of Immigration Control Through Carrier Sanctions: The Role of Private Transport Companies in Dutch and British Immigration Control. Brill Nijhoff: Leiden.
- Tai FOI 40510. 2016. “Five Country Conference.” Accessed 1 August 2021. Freedom of information request: HYPERLINK "https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/five_country_conference”https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/five_country_conference#incoming-890971.
- Toms, Hannah and Katharine Thorpe. 2012. Practical Measures for Reducing Irregular Migration. London: Home Office.
- VFS.Global. 2013. “First of its Kind Visa Application Centre for Five Countries Conference (5CC) Launched in Singapore,” Press release, March 2013, VFS.Global. Accessed 1 August 2021. https://www.vfsglobal.com/pdf/PressRelease-FirstofitskindVisaApplication-090413.pdf.
- Vine, John. 2010a. An inspection of the UK Visa Section: Pakistan settlement applications January – April 2010. London: Independent Chief Inspector of the UK Border Agency
- Vine, John. 2010b. An inspection of the Risk and Liaison Overseas Network (RALON) in Islamabad and the United Arab Emirates January – April 2010. London: Independent Chief Inspector of the UK Border Agency
- Vine, John. 2011. Preventing and detecting immigration and customs offences: A thematic inspection of how the UK Border Agency receives and uses intelligence October – December 2010. London: Independent Chief Inspector of the UK Border Agency.
- Vine, John. 2012. A Short-notice Inspection of Decision-making Quality in the Accra Visa Section. London: Independent Chief Inspector of the UK Border Agency
- Vine, John. 2014. A Short-notice Inspection of Decision-making Quality in the Paris Visa Section, 10-13 June 2014. London: Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration
- Zampagni, Francesca. 2016. “Unpacking the Schengen Visa Regime. A Study on Bureaucrats and Discretion in an Italian Consulate.” Journal of Borderland Studies 31 (2): 251–266.
- Zolberg, Aristide. 2006. A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America. New York: Russell Sage.