1,563
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Introduction

Missing links in migrant enfranchisement studies

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Acosta, D. 2018. The National Versus the Foreigner in South America: 200 Years of Migration and Citizenship Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Adamson, F. B. 2019. “Sending States and the Making of Intra-Diasporic Politics: Turkey and Its Diaspora(s).” International Migration Review 53: 210–236. doi:10.1177/0197918318767665.
  • Adamson, F. B., and G. Tsourapas. 2020. “The Migration State in the Global South: Nationalizing, Developmental, and Neoliberal Models of Migration Management.” International Migration Review 54: 853–882. doi:10.1177/0197918319879057.
  • Altman, D. 2022. “Adjusting Democracy Indices to the Age of Mass Migration: Voting Rights of Denizens and Expats.” Contemporary Politics 28: 408–428. doi:10.1080/13569775.2021.2008617.
  • Altman, D., S. Huertas, and C. Sánchez. 2023. “Two Paths Towards the Exceptional Extension of National Voting Rights to Non-Citizen Residents.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (10): 2541–2560. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182713.
  • Angell, K., and R. Huseby. 2017. “Should Irregular Immigrants Be (Rapidly) Enfranchised?” Political Research Quarterly 70: 363–373. doi:10.1177/1065912917695188.
  • Antonsich, M. 2010. “Searching for Belonging – an Analytical Framework.” Geography Compass 4: 644–659. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00317.x.
  • Arrighi, J.-T., and R. Bauböck. 2017. “A Multilevel Puzzle: Migrants’ Voting Rights in National and Local Elections.” European Journal of Political Research 56: 619–639. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12176.
  • Arrighi, J.-T., and J.-M. Lafleur. 2019. “Where and Why Can Expatriates Vote in Regional Elections? A Comparative Analysis of Regional Electoral Practices in Europe and North America.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45: 517–538. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409164.
  • Barker, F., and K. McMillan. 2014. “Constituting the Democratic Public: New Zealand’s Extension of National Voting Rights to Non-Citizens.” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 12: 68–80. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nzjpubinl12&i=76.
  • Bauböck, R. 2015. “Morphing the Demos into the Right Shape: Normative Principles for Enfranchising Resident Aliens and Expatriate Citizens.” Democratization 22: 820–839. doi:10.1080/13510347.2014.988146.
  • Beckman, L. 2007. “Who Should Vote? Conceptualizing Universal Suffrage in Studies of Democracy.” Democratization 15: 29–48. doi:10.1080/13510340701768091.
  • Bender, F. 2021. “Enfranchising the Disenfranchised: Should Refugees Receive Political Rights in Liberal Democracies?” Citizenship Studies 25: 56–71. doi:10.1080/13621025.2020.1825625.
  • Bilgili, Ö. 2014. “Migrants’ Multi-Sited Social Lives: Interactions Between Sociocultural Integration and Homeland Engagement.” Comparative Migration Studies 2: 283–304. doi:10.5117/CMS2014.3.BILG.
  • Blatter, J., E. Michel, and S. D. Schmid. 2022. “Enfranchisement Regimes Beyond de-Territorialization and Post-Nationalism: Definitions, Implications, and Public Support for Different Electorates.” Democratization 29: 1208–1229. doi:10.1080/13510347.2022.2037567.
  • Brand, L. A. 2006. Citizens Abroad: Emigration and the State in the Middle East and North Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brand, L. A. 2010. “Authoritarian States and Voting from Abroad: North African Experiences.” Comparative Politics 43: 81–99. doi:10.5129/001041510X12911363510439.
  • Burgess, K. 2018. “States or Parties? Emigrant Outreach and Transnational Engagement.” International Political Science Review 39: 369–383. doi:10.1177/0192512118758154.
  • Burgess, K. 2020. Courting Migrants: How States Make Diasporas and Diasporas Make States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Burgess, K., and M. D. Tyburski. 2020. “When Parties Go Abroad: Explaining Patterns of Extraterritorial Voting.” Electoral Studies 66: 102–169. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102169.
  • Calderón Chelius, L., eds. 2003. “Votar en la Distancia: La Extensión de Los Derechos Políticos a Migrantes [Voting from Afar: Extending Political Rights to Migrants].” Experiencias Comparadas 2: 204–207.
  • Campbell, A., P. E. Converse, W. E. Miller, and D. E. Stokes. (1960) 1980. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Caramani, D., and F. Grotz. 2015. “Beyond Citizenship and Residence? Exploring the Extension of Voting Rights in the Age of Globalization.” Democratization 22: 799–819. doi:10.1080/13510347.2014.981668.
  • Chaudhary, A. R. 2018. “Voting Here and There: Political Integration and Transnational Political Engagement among Immigrants in Europe.” Global Networks 18: 437–460. doi:10.1111/glob.12171.
  • Cianetti, L. 2014. “Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies.” Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 13: 86–112. http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2014/Cianetti.pdf.
  • Ciornei, I., and E. Østergaard-Nielsen. 2020. “Transnational Turnout: Determinants of Emigrant Voting in Home Country Elections.” Political Geography 78: 102–145. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102145.
  • Collard, S. 2019. “The UK Politics of Overseas Voting.” The Political Quarterly 90: 672–680. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12729.
  • Collyer, M. 2014a. “A Geography of Extra-Territorial Citizenship: Explanations of External Voting.” Migration Studies 2: 55–72. doi:10.1093/migration/mns008.
  • Collyer, M. 2014b. “Inside Out? Directly Elected ‘Special Representation’ of Emigrants in National Legislatures and the Role of Popular Sovereignty.” Political Geography 41: 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.01.002.
  • Constant, A. F. 2020. “Time-Space Dynamics of Return and Circular Migration.” In Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, edited by K. F. Zimmermann, 1–39. Cham: Springer.
  • Dandoy, R., and T. Kernalegenn. 2021. “Internet Voting from Abroad: Exploring Turnout in the 2014 French Consular Elections.” French Politics 19: 421–439. doi:10.1057/s41253-021-00148-8.
  • Délano, A., and H. Mylonas. 2019. “The Microfoundations of Diaspora Politics: Unpacking the State and Disaggregating the Diaspora.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45: 473–491. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409160.
  • Dubochet, L. 2022. “Citizenship as Burden of Proof: Voting and Hiding Among Migrants from India’s Eastern Borderlands.” Citizenship Studies 27 (1): 107–123. doi:10.1080/13621025.2022.2109598.
  • Earnest, D. C. 2008. Old Nations, New Voters: Nationalism, Transnationalism, and Democracy in the Era of Global Migration. Albany: State University of New York (SUNY) Press.
  • Earnest, D. C. 2015a. “Expanding the Electorate: Comparing the Noncitizen Voting Practices of 25 Democracies.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16: 1–25. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0334-8.
  • Earnest, D. C. 2015b. “The Enfranchisement of Resident Aliens: Variations and Explanations.” Democratization 22: 861–883. doi:10.1080/13510347.2014.979162.
  • Eisenberg, A. 2014. “Voting Rights for Non-Citizens: Treasure or Fool’s Gold?” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16: 133–151. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0331-y.
  • Erdal, M. B., and C. Oeppen. 2013. “Migrant Balancing Acts: Understanding the Interactions Between Integration and Transnationalism.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39: 867–884. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.765647.
  • Ericsson, M. 2020. “Enfranchisement as a Tool for Integration: The 1975 Extension of Voting Rights to Resident Aliens in Sweden.” Immigrants & Minorities 38: 233–253. doi:10.1080/02619288.2021.1877138.
  • Erlingsson, H., and J. P. Tuman. 2017. “External Voting Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Influence of Remittances, Globalization, and Partisan Control.” Latin American Policy 8: 295–312. doi:10.1111/lamp.12125.
  • Escobar, C. 2015. “Immigrant Enfranchisement in Latin America: From Strongmen to Universal Citizenship.” Democratization 22: 927–950. doi:10.1080/13510347.2014.979322.
  • Fabbrini, F. 2011. “Voting Rights for Non-Citizens: The European Multilevel and the US Federal Constitutional Systems Compared.” European Constitutional Law Review 7: 392–423. doi:10.1017/S157401961130003X.
  • Ferbrache, F. 2019. “Local Electoral Rights for Non-French Residents? A Case-Study Analysis of British Candidates and Councillors in French Municipal Elections.” Citizenship Studies 23: 502–520. doi:10.1080/13621025.2019.1623864.
  • Ferris, D., R. Hayduk, A. Richards, E. Strauss Schubert, and M. Acri. 2019. “Noncitizen Voting Rights in the Global Era: A Literature Review and Analysis.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 21: 949–971. doi:10.1007/s12134-019-00687-8.
  • Ferwerda, J., H. Finseraas, and J. Bergh. 2020. “Voting Rights and Immigrant Incorporation: Evidence from Norway.” British Journal of Political Science 50: 713–730. doi:10.1017/S0007123417000643.
  • Finck, M. 2015. “Towards an Ever Closer Union Between Residents and Citizens? On the Possible Extension of Voting Rights to Foreign Residents in Luxembourg.” European Constitutional Law Review 11: 78–98. doi:10.1017/S1574019615000061.
  • Finn, V. 2020. “Migrant Voting: Here, There, in Both, or Nowhere.” Citizenship Studies 24: 730–750. doi:10.1080/13621025.2020.1745154.
  • Finn, V. 2021. “Migrant Rights, Voting, and Resocialization: Suffrage in Chile and Ecuador, 1925–2020.” Doctoral thesis, Leiden University.
  • Finn, V. 2023. “Enfranchising Migrants in Chile: A Century of Politics, Elites, and Regime Changes.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (10): 2561–2581. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182714.
  • Finn, V., and A. Besserer Rayas. 2022. “Turning Rights into Ballots: Mexican External Voting from the US.” Territory, Politics, Governance, 1–20. doi:10.1080/21622671.2022.2141849.
  • Fliess, N., and E. Østergaard-Nielsen. 2021. “Extension of Voting Rights to Emigrants.” In Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science, edited by Sandy Maisel. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Fox, S., R. Johnston, and D. Manley. 2016. “If Immigrants Could Vote in the UK: A Thought Experiment with Data from the 2015 General Election.” The Political Quarterly 87: 500–508. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12309.
  • Gamlen, A. 2014. “Diaspora Institutions and Diaspora Governance.” International Migration Review 48: 180–217. doi:10.1111/imre.12136.
  • Geddes, A., M. Vera Espinoza, L. Hadj Abdou, and L. Brumat. 2019. “Introduction: The Dynamics of Regional Migration Governance.” In The Dynamics of Regional Migration Governance, edited by A. Geddes, M. Vera Espinoza, L. Hadj Abdou, and L. Brumat, 1–14. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Glick Schiller, N., L. Basch, and C. Szanton Blanc. 1995. “From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Theorizing Transnational Migration.” Anthropological Quarterly 68: 48–63. doi:10.2307/3317464.
  • GLOBALCIT. 2019. ELECLAW Indicators. Version, 5(1). San Domenico di Fiesole: Global Citizenship Observatory, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute.
  • GLOBALCIT. 2020. The GLOBALCIT Glossary on Citizenship and Electoral Rights. San Domenico di Fiesole: Global Citizenship Observatory, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute.
  • Goenaga, A. 2019. “Defending Popular Sovereignty: Discursive Conflict in French and Swedish Parliamentary Debates on Immigrant Voting Rights (1968–2017).” Citizenship Studies 23: 870–891. doi:10.1080/13621025.2019.1677556.
  • Guarnizo, L. E., A. R. Chaudhary, and N. N. Sørensen. 2019. “Migrants’ Transnational Political Engagement in Spain and Italy.” Migration Studies 7: 281–322. doi:10.1093/migration/mnx061.
  • Gupta, S. 2019. “Enduring Liminality: Voting Rights and Tibetan Exiles in India.” Asian Ethnicity 20: 330–347. doi:10.1080/14631369.2019.1579635.
  • Häggrot, M. C. 2022. “Legislative Expatriate Representation: A Conditional Defence of Overseas Constituencies.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 1–23. doi:10.1080/13698230.2022.2062214.
  • Hamlin, R. 2021. Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Hammar, T. 1990. Democracy and the Nation State: Aliens, Denizens, and Citizens in a World of International Migration. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Company.
  • Hartmann, C. 2015. “Expatriates as Voters? The New Dynamics of External Voting in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Democratization 22: 906–926. doi:10.1080/13510347.2014.979800.
  • Hayduk, R. 2006. Democracy for All: Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights in the United States. New York: Routledge.
  • Hayduk, R. 2015. “Political Rights in the Age of Migration: Lessons from the United States.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16: 99–118. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0336-6.
  • Himmelroos, S., and J. Peltoniemi. 2021. “External Voting Rights from a Citizen Perspective – Comparing Resident and Non-Resident Citizens’ Attitudes Towards External Voting.” Scandinavian Political Studies 44: 463–486. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.12211.
  • Hutcheson, D. S., and J.-T. Arrighi. 2015. “Keeping Pandora’s (Ballot) Box Half-Shut: A Comparative Inquiry into the Institutional Limits of External Voting in EU Member States.” Democratization 22: 884–905. doi:10.1080/13510347.2014.979161.
  • Jackman, R. W. 1987. “Political Institutions and Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies.” American Political Science Review 81: 405–423. doi:10.2307/1961959.
  • Jacobs, D. 1999. “The Debate Over Enfranchisement of Foreign Residents in Belgium.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 25: 649–663. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976708.
  • Jaulin, T. 2016. “Geographies of External Voting: The Tunisian Elections Abroad Since the 2011 Uprising.” Comparative Migration Studies 4: 14. doi:10.1186/s40878-016-0034-y.
  • Justwan, F. 2015. “Disenfranchised Minorities: Trust, Definitions of Citizenship, and Noncitizen Voting Rights in Developed Democracies.” International Political Science Review 36: 373–392. doi:10.1177/0192512113513200.
  • Kasapović, M. 2012. “Voting Rights, Electoral Systems, and Political Representation of Diaspora in Croatia.” East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures 26: 777–791. doi:10.1177/0888325412450537.
  • Kayran, E. N., and M. Erdilmen. 2021. “When Do States Give Voting Rights to Non-Citizens? The Role of Population, Policy, and Politics on the Timing of Enfranchisement Reforms in Liberal Democracies.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (13): 2855–2876. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1782178.
  • Kernalegenn, T., and É Van Haute, eds. 2020. Political Parties Abroad: A New Arena for Party Politics. New York: Routledge.
  • Koinova, M., and G. Tsourapas. 2018. “How Do Countries of Origin Engage Migrants and Diasporas? Multiple Actors and Comparative Perspectives.” International Political Science Review 39: 311–321. doi:10.1177/0192512118755843.
  • Koopmans, R., and I. Michalowski. 2016. “Why Do States Extend Rights to Immigrants? Institutional Settings and Historical Legacies Across 44 Countries Worldwide.” Comparative Political Studies 50: 41–74. doi:10.1177/0010414016655533.
  • Lafleur, J.-M. 2011. “Why Do States Enfranchise Citizens Abroad? Comparative Insights from Mexico, Italy and Belgium.” Global Networks 11: 481–501. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2011.00332.x.
  • Lafleur, J.-M. 2013. Transnational Politics and the State: The External Voting Rights of Diasporas. New York: Routledge.
  • Lafleur, J.-M. 2015. “The Enfranchisement of Citizens Abroad: Variations and Explanations.” Democratization 22: 840–860. doi:10.1080/13510347.2014.979163.
  • Lenard, P. T. 2015. “Residence and the Right to Vote.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16: 119–132. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0328-6.
  • Levitt, P., and N. Glick Schiller. 2004. “Conceptualising Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on Society.” International Migration Review 38: 1002–1039. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x.
  • Lisi, M., A. M. Belchior, M. Abrantes, and J. Azevedo. 2015. “Out of Sight, Out of Mind? External Voting and the Political Representation of Portuguese Emigrants.” South European Society and Politics 20: 265–285. doi:10.1080/13608746.2014.906458.
  • Liu, J. M. 2020. “Citizenship on the Move: The Deprivation and Restoration of Emigrants’ Hukou in China.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47: 557–574. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1788381.
  • López-Guerra, C. 2005. “Should Expatriates Vote?” Journal of Political Philosophy 13: 216–234. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00221.x.
  • Maminskaitė, M. 2022. “Real and Perceived Voting Costs: Lithuanian Emigrants’ Discourses on External Voting Difficulty.” International Migration 60: 228–241. doi:10.1111/imig.12917.
  • Margheritis, A. 2017. “The Inclusion Paradox of Enfranchising Expats in Latin America.” International Migration 55: 126–143. doi:10.1111/imig.12315.
  • McCann, J. A., C. Escobar, and R. Arana. 2019. “Mexicans and Colombians at Home and Abroad: A Comparative Study of Political Engagement.” Latin American Research Review 54: 16–34. doi:10.25222/larr.191.
  • McCann, J. A., and M. Jones-Correa. 2020. Holding Fast: Resilience and Civic Engagement among Latino Immigrants. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • McCann, J. A., D. Leal, R. Navarre, and W. Cornelius. 2021. “Transnational Political Engagement and the Civic Incorporation of Mexican Immigrants in the United States.” Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública 10: 129–164. doi:10.14201/rlop.25779.
  • McIlwaine, C., and A. Bermudez. 2015. “Ambivalent Citizenship and Extraterritorial Voting Among Colombians in London and Madrid.” Global Networks 15: 385–402. doi:10.1111/glob.12076.
  • Michel, E., and J. Blatter. 2021. “Enfranchising Immigrants and/or Emigrants? Attitudes Towards Voting Rights Expansion among Sedentary Nationals in Europe.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44: 1935–1954. doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1817519.
  • Modolo, V. 2011. “Political Inequality of Law: A Comparative Study of Migrant Electoral Rights in Mercosur Countries.” International Journal of Sociology 41: 94–104. doi:10.2753/IJS0020-7659410205.
  • Mosler, H. B., and L. Pedroza. 2016. “An Unexpected Pioneer in Asia: The Enfranchisement of Foreign Residents in South Korea.” Ethnopolitics 15: 187–210. doi:10.1080/17449057.2014.954318.
  • Mügge, L., M. Kranendonk, F. Vermeulen, and N. Aydemir. 2021. “Migrant Votes ‘Here’ and ‘There’: Transnational Electoral Behavior of Turks in the Netherlands.” Migration Studies 9: 400–422. doi:10.1093/migration/mnz034.
  • Natter, K. 2021. “Ad-hocratic Immigration Governance: How States Secure Their Power Over Immigration Through Intentional Ambiguity.” Territory, Politics, Governance, 1–18. doi:10.1080/21622671.2021.1877189.
  • Nyblade, B., E. I. Wellman, and N. Allen. 2022. “Transnational Voting Rights and Policies in Violent Democracies: A Global Comparison.” Comparative Migration Studies 10: 27. doi:10.1186/s40878-022-00299-9.
  • Østergaard-Nielsen, E. 2003. “The Politics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practices.” International Migration Review 37: 760–786. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00157.x.
  • Østergaard-Nielsen, E., I. Ciornei, and J.-M. Lafleur. 2019. “Why Do Parties Support Emigrant Voting Rights?” European Political Science Review 11: 377–394. doi:10.1017/S1755773919000171.
  • Owen, D. 2010. “Resident Aliens, Non-Resident Citizens and Voting Rights: Towards a Pluralist Theory of Transnational Political Equality and Modes of Political Belonging.” In Citizenship Acquisition and National Belonging, edited by G. Calder, P. Cole, and J. Seglow, 52–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Owen, D. 2011. “Transnational Citizenship and the Democratic State: Modes of Membership and Voting Rights.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 14: 641–663. doi:10.1080/13698230.2011.617123.
  • Paarlberg, M. A. 2017. “Transnational Militancy: Diaspora Influence over Electoral Activity in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 49: 541–562. doi:10.5129/001041517821273053.
  • Pallister, K. 2020. “Migrant Populations and External Voting: The Politics of Suffrage Expansion in Central America.” Policy Studies 41: 271–287. doi:10.1080/01442872.2019.1694650.
  • Palop-García, P., and L. Pedroza. 2017. “Beyond Convergence: Unveiling Variations of External Franchise in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1950 to 2015.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43: 1597–1616. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1234932.
  • Palop-García, P., and L. Pedroza. 2019. “Passed, Regulated, or Applied? The Different Stages of Emigrant Enfranchisement in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Democratization 26: 401–421. doi:10.1080/13510347.2018.1534827.
  • Pedroza, L. 2013a. “National Passports or Local Ballots? Denizen Enfranchisement and the Rise of Flexible Citizenship.” In Multilevel Citizenship, edited by W. Maas, 25–42. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Pedroza, L. 2013b. “Policy Framing and Denizen Enfranchisement in Portugal: Why Some Migrant Voters are More Equal Than Others.” Citizenship Studies 17: 852–872. doi:10.1080/13621025.2013.834140.
  • Pedroza, L. 2019. Citizenship Beyond Nationality: Immigrants’ Right to Vote Across the World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Pedroza, L. 2020. “The Limits of Political Participation in an Exceptional Democracy: Migrants in Costa Rica.” Migraciones Internacionales 11: 1–27. doi:10.33679/rmi.v1i1.1740.
  • Pedroza, L., and P. Palop-García. 2017. “The Grey Area Between Nationality and Citizenship: An Analysis of External Citizenship Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Citizenship Studies 21: 587–605. doi:10.1080/13621025.2017.1316701.
  • Pedroza, L., P. Palop-García, and S. Y. Chang. Forthcoming. Every Immigrant Is an Emigrant: How Migration Policies Shape the Paths to Integration (IMISEM) [Dataset]. Berlin: GIGA Institute.
  • Peltoniemi, J. 2018. “Transnational Political Engagement and Emigrant Voting.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 26: 392–410. doi:10.1080/14782804.2018.1515727.
  • Peltoniemi, J., I. Ciornei, and S. Himmelroos. 2022. “Voting From Abroad.” Frontiers in Political Science 3. doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.816260.
  • Piccoli, L. 2021. “Multilevel Strategies of Political Inclusion: The Contestation of Voting Rights for Foreign Residents by Regional Assemblies in Europe.” Regional & Federal Studies 32: 331–352. doi:10.1080/13597566.2021.1921742.
  • Piccoli, L., and D. Ruedin. 2023. “Local-to-Local Electoral Connections for Migrants: The Association Between Voting Rights in the Place of Origin and the Propensity to Vote in the Place of Residence.” Democratization 30 (1): 40–56. doi:10.1080/13510347.2022.2108802.
  • Pogonyi, S. 2014. “Four Patterns of Non-Resident Voting Rights.” Ethnopolitics 13: 122–140. doi:10.1080/17449057.2013.846041.
  • Portes, A., and P. Fernández-Kelly, eds. 2015. The State and the Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Powell, G. B., Jr. 1986. “American Voter Turnout in Comparative Perspective.” American Political Science Review 80: 17–43. doi:10.2307/1957082.
  • Rashkova, E. R. 2020. “The Party Abroad: A New Modus Operandi for Political Parties.” Parliamentary Affairs 73: 839–855. doi:10.1093/pa/gsaa039.
  • Reidy, T. 2021. “Votes, Votes, Votes: Explaining the Long Road to Emigrant Enfranchisement in Ireland.” Frontiers in Political Science 3. doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.722444.
  • Rhodes, S., and A. Harutyunyan. 2010. “Extending Citizenship to Emigrants: Democratic Contestation and a New Global Norm.” International Political Science Review 31: 470–493. doi:10.1177/0192512110374044.
  • Rodríguez, C. M. 2010. “Noncitizen Voting and the Extraconstitutional Construction of the Polity.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 8: 30–49. doi:10.1093/icon/mop032.
  • Sadiq, K. 2009. Paper Citizens: How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Şahin-Mencütek, Z., and M. M. Erdoğan. 2016. “The Implementation of Voting from Abroad: Evidence from the 2014 Turkish Presidential Election.” International Migration 54: 173–186. doi:10.1111/imig.12229.
  • Schmid, S. D., L. Piccoli, and J.-T. Arrighi. 2019. “Non-Universal Suffrage: Measuring Electoral Inclusion in Contemporary Democracies.” European Political Science 18: 695–713. doi:10.1057/s41304-019-00202-8.
  • Schrauwen, A. 2013. “Granting the Right to Vote for the European Parliament to Resident Third-Country Nationals: Civic Citizenship Revisited: Voting Rights of Foreign Residents in European Elections.” European Law Journal 19: 201–218. doi:10.1111/eulj.12021.
  • Seidle, F. L. 2015. “Local Voting Rights for Non-Nationals: Experience in Sweden, the Netherlands and Belgium.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16: 27–42. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0335-7.
  • Siemiatycki, M. 2014. “Non-Citizen Voting Rights and Urban Citizenship in Toronto.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16: 81–97. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0333-9.
  • Sontag, K., M. Herzog, and S. Lässer. 2022. “Struggles for Democracy: Strategies and Resources of Initiatives for Non-Citizen Voting Rights at Local Levels in Europe.” Comparative Migration Studies 10: 17. doi:10.1186/s40878-022-00286-0.
  • Superti, C. 2023. “A Foot in Both Countries: The Effect of Origin-Country Enfranchisement on Migrants’ Political Interest and Partisanship.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (10): 2582–2606. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182716.
  • Szulecki, K., D. Bertelli, M. B. Erdal, A. Coșciug, A. Kussy, G. Mikiewicz, and C. Tulbure. 2021. “To Vote or Not to Vote? Migrant Electoral (Dis)Engagement in an Enlarged Europe.” Migration Studies 9: 989–1010. doi:10.1093/migration/mnab025.
  • Szulecki, K., M. B. Erdal, and B. Stanley. 2023. External Voting: The Patterns and Drivers of Central European Migrants’ Homeland Electoral Participation. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tarrow, S. 2005. “The Dualities of Transnational Contention: ‘Two Activist Solitudes’ or a New World Altogether?” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 10: 53–72. doi:10.17813/maiq.10.1.c52868218x473202.
  • Triandafyllidou, A. 2015. “Reform, Counter-Reform and the Politics of Citizenship: Local Voting Rights for Third-Country Nationals in Greece.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16: 43–60. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0343-7.
  • Triandafyllidou, A., ed. 2018. Handbook of Migration and Globalisation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Tsourapas, G. 2020. “Theorizing State-Diaspora Relations in the Middle East: Authoritarian Emigration States in Comparative Perspective.” Mediterranean Politics 25: 135–159. doi:10.1080/13629395.2018.1511299.
  • Tsourapas, G. 2021. Migration Diplomacy in the Middle East and North Africa: Power, Mobility, and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Tsuda, T. 2012. “Whatever Happened to Simultaneity? Transnational Migration Theory and Dual Engagement in Sending and Receiving Countries.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38: 631–649. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2012.659126.
  • Turcu, A. 2018. “Reactive Limits to Diaspora Enfranchisement Policies: A Conceptual Categorization.” Diaspora Studies 11: 1–24. doi:10.1080/09739572.2017.1331607.
  • Turcu, A., and R. Urbatsch. 2015. “Diffusion of Diaspora Enfranchisement Norms: A Multinational Study.” Comparative Political Studies 48: 407–437. doi:10.1177/0010414014546331.
  • Turcu, A., and R. Urbatsch. 2020. “European Ruling Parties’ Electoral Strategies and Overseas Enfranchisement Policies.” European Journal of Political Research 59: 269–289. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12357.
  • Umpierrez de Reguero, S. 2023. “Enacted but Neither Regulated nor Applied: Exploring Emigrant Enfranchisement in Deviant Cases.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (10): 2521–2540. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182711.
  • Umpierrez de Reguero, S., and R. Dandoy. 2021. “Should We Go Abroad? The Strategic Entry of Ecuadorian Political Parties in Overseas Electoral Districts.” Representation, 1–18. doi:10.1080/00344893.2021.1902850.
  • Umpierrez de Reguero, S., and J. Peltoniemi. 2023. “Introduction: Non-Residents’ Participation in the Homeland Arena from a European Perspective.” European Political Science. doi:10.1057/s41304-022-00405-6.
  • Umpierrez de Reguero, S., K. Wegschaider, and R. Bauböck. Forthcoming. The GLOBALCIT Dataset of Electoral Rights of Migrants. San Domenico di Fiesole: European University Institute.
  • Umpierrez de Reguero, S., I. Ö. Yener-Roderburg, and V. Cartagena. 2021. “Political Regimes and External Voting Rights: A Cross-National Comparison.” Frontiers in Political Science 3: 636–734. doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.636734.
  • Van Haute, É, and T. Kernalegenn. 2020. “Conclusion: A Framework of Analysis for Political Parties Abroad.” In Political Parties Abroad: A New Arena for Party Politics, edited by T. Kernalegenn and É Van Haute, 238–254. New York: Routledge.
  • Verba, S., K. L. Schlozman, and H. E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Vink, M. P., and L. van der Baaren. 2022. GLOBALCIT Dyadic Dual Citizenship Dataset [Dataset]. Fiesole: GLOBALCIT, European Univeristy Institute.
  • Vintila, D., and M. Martiniello. 2021. “Migrants Political Participation Beyond Electoral Arenas.” In Handbook of Citizenship and Migration, edited by M. Giugni and M. Grasso, 303–316. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Wegschaider, K. 2023. “The Challenge of Low Visibility: Immigrant Activism toward Enfranchisement.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (10): 2607–2626. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182717.
  • Wegschaider, K., S. Umpierrez de Reguero, and R. Bauböck. 2022. “Candidacy Rights: The Untold Story of Migrant Enfranchisement.” Presented in the 2022 Mid-West Political Science Conference, Chicago.
  • Wellman, E. I. 2021. “Emigrant Inclusion in Home Country Elections: Theory and Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” American Political Science Review 115: 82–96. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000866.
  • Wellman, E. I. 2023. “Refugee Status as a Patronage Good? The Interaction of Transnational Party Mobilization and Migration Policy in the Global South.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (10): 2500–2520. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182710.
  • Wellman, E. I., N. W. Allen, and B. Nyblade. 2022. “The Extraterritorial Voting Rights and Restrictions Dataset (1950–2020).” Comparative Political Studies. doi:10.1177/00104140221115169.
  • Wellman, E. I., and B. E. Whitaker. 2021. “Diaspora Voting in Kenya: A Promise Denied.” African Affairs 120: 199–217. doi:10.1093/afraf/adab008.
  • Yuval-Davis, N. 2006. “Belonging and the Politics of Belonging.” Patterns of Prejudice 40: 197–214. doi:10.1080/00313220600769331.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.