References
- Aas, K. F., and H. O. I. Gundhus. 2015. “Policing Humanitarian Borderlands: Frontex, Human Rights, and the Precariousness of Life.” British Journal of Criminology 55 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azu086
- Amelung, N., et al. 2020. “Technologies, Infrastructures and Migrations: Material Citizenship Politics.” Citizenship Studies 24 (5): 587–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2020.1784636.
- Aradau, C. 2017. “Assembling (Non) Knowledge: Security, Law, and Surveillance in a Digital World.” International Political Sociology 11 (4): 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olx019.
- Aradau, C., and S. Perret. 2022. “The Politics of (Non-)Knowledge at Europe’s Borders: Errors, Fakes, and Subjectivity.” Review of International Studies 48 (3): 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210522000080.
- Balmer, B. 2004. “How Does an Accident Become an Experiment? Secret Science and the Exposure of the Public to Biological Warfare Agents.” Science as Culture 13 (2): 197–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950543042000226611.
- Bellingcat. 2020. “Frontex at Fault: European Border Force Complicit in “Illegal” Pushbacks.” Last Accessed September 13, 2022. https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/10/23/frontex-at-fault-european-border-force-complicit-in-illegal-pushbacks/.
- Birchall, C. 2021. Radical Secrecy: The Ends of Transparency in Datafied America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Bovens, M. 2007. “Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework.” European Law Journal 13 (4): 447–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.x.
- Bratich, J. 2006. “Public Secrecy and Immanent Security. A Strategic Analysis.” Cultural Studies 20 (4-5): 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380600708937.
- Cleton, L. 2022. “"We Have Nothing to Hide": Legitimacy Narratives, Researcher Positionality and the Ethics of Accessing the Dutch Deportation Apparatus.” International Migration. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13065.
- Davies, T., A. Isakjee, and J. Obradovic-Wochnik. 2022. “Epistemic Borderwork: Violent Pushbacks, Refugees, and the Politics of Knowledge at the EU Border.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2022.2077167.
- De Goede, M. 2014. “Preemption Contested: Suspect Spaces and Preventability in the July 7 Inquest.” Political Geography 39 (March 2014): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.08.001.
- De Goede, M., and M. Wesseling. 2017. “Secrecy and Security in Transatlantic Terrorism Finance Tracking.” Journal of European Integration 39 (3): 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2016.1263624.
- Del Monte, M., and K. Luyten. 2022. “European Parliament Scrutiny of Frontex”. European Parliament Briefing. Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/698816/EPRS_BRI(2021)698816_EN.pdf ().
- Dijstelbloem, H., and A. Pelizza. 2019. “The State is the Secret.” In Secrecy and Methods in Security Research, 48–62. London: Routledge.
- ECRE. 2021a. “Holding Frontex to Account. ECRE’s Proposals for Strengthening Non-Judicial Mechanisms for Scrutiny of Frontex.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://ecre.org/ecre-policy-paper-holding-frontex-to-account-ecres-proposal-for-enhancing-nonjudicial-scrutiny-mechanisms/.
- ECRE. 2021b. “Greece: While the Designation of Turkey as Safe Country and Pushbacks Undermine Protection in Greece, the Country is Criticised for Not Preventing Secondary Movement.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://ecre.org/greece-while-the-designation-of-turkey-as-safe-country-and-pushbacks-undermine-protection-in-greece-the-country-is-criticised-for-not-preventing-secondary-movement/.
- European Commission. 2021. “The Nature and Extent of Frontex’s Obligations in the Context of Its Implementation of Joint Maritime Operations at the Union’s External Sea Borders.” Brussels 03/03/2021.
- European Court of Human Rights. 2020. “Judgment 13.2.2020 [GC].” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22002-12726%22]}.
- European Ombudsman. 2013. “Special Report of the European Ombudsman in Own-Initiative Inquiry OI/5/2012/BEH-MHZ Concerning Frontex.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/special-report/en/52465.
- European Ombudsman. 2021. “Decision in OI/5/2020/MHZ on the Functioning of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency’s (Frontex) Complaints Mechanism for Alleged Breaches of Fundamental Rights and the Role of the Fundamental Rights Officer.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/decision/en/143108.
- European Parliament. 2021. “Report on the Fact-Finding Investigation on Frontex Concerning Alleged Fundamental Rights Violations.” Last Accessed September 13, 2022. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/LIBE-DT-692887_EN.pdf.
- Follis, K. S. 2017. “Vision and Transterritory: The Borders of Europe.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 42 (6): 1003–1030. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243917715106.
- Frontex. 2014a. “Handbook to the Operational Plan. Joint Maritime Operations.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2017/feb/eu-frontex-handbook-joint-maritime-operations-censored.pdf.
- Frontex. 2014b. “Annex 14 Serious Incident Reporting.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2016/aug/frontex-serious-incident-reporting.pdf.
- Frontex. 2020. “Serious Incident Report No.11095/2020.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://fragdenstaat.de/dokumente/8932-11095/.
- Frontex. 2021. “Fundamental Rights and Legal Operational Aspects of Operations in the Aegean Sea.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Key_Documents/MB_Documents/Agenda_Point_WG_FRaLO_final_report.pdf.
- Frontex. n.d. “Complaints Mechanism.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://frontex.europa.eu/accountability/complaints-mechanism/#:~:text=The%20Frontex%20Complaints%20Mechanism%20was,promotes%20fundamental%20rights%20within%20Frontex.
- Garelli, G., and M. Tazzioli. 2018. “The Humanitarian War Against Migrant Smugglers at Sea.” Antipode 50 (3): 685–703. http://doi.org/10.1111/anti.2018.50.issue-3.
- Garnett, P., and S. M. Hughes. 2019. “Obfuscated Democracy? Chelsea Manning and the Politics of Knowledge Curation.” Political Geography 68: 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.11.001.
- Georgiou, M., and K. Leurs. 2022. “Smartphones as Personal Digital Archives? Recentring Migrant Authority as Curating and Storytelling Subjects.” Journalism 23 (3): 668–689. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211060629.
- Ghezelbash, D. 2020. “Hyper-Legalism and Obfuscation: How States Evade Their International Obligations Towards Refugees.” The American Journal of Comparative Law 68 (3): 479–516. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avaa019.
- Gkliati, M., and J. Kilpatrick. 2021. “Crying Wolf Too Many Times: The Impact of the Emergency Narrative on Transparency in FRONTEX Joint Operations.” Utrecht Law Review 17: 57–72. https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.770.
- Glouftsios, G. 2021. Engineering Digitised Borders. Designing and Managing the Visa Information System. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Glouftsios, G., and A. Casaglia. 2022. “Epidermal Politics: Control, Violence and Dissent at the Biometric Border.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221144872.
- Glouftsios, G., and P. Loukinas. 2022. “Perceiving and Controlling Maritime Flows. Technology, Kinopolitics, and the Governmentalization of Vision.” International Political Sociology 16 (3). https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olac010
- Gros, V., M. de Goede, and B. Isleyen. 2017. “The Snowden Files Made Public: A Material Politics of Contesting Surveillance.” International Political Sociology 11 (1): 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olw031.
- Hansen, H. K., and M. Flyverbom. 2015. “The Politics of Transparency and the Calibration of Knowledge in the Digital age.” Organization 22 (6): 872–889. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508414522315.
- Hearing. 2021a. March 4. Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/video/libe-working-group-on-frontex-scrutiny-meeting-exchange-of-views-with-ylva-johansson-european-commissioner-for-home-affairs-and-fabrice-leggeri-frontex_I202902.
- Hearing. 2021b. March 15. Last Accessed November 21, 2021. https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/libe-working-group-on-frontex-scrutiny_20210315-1345-COMMITTEE-LIBE.
- Hearing. 2021c. April 23. Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/libe-working-group-on-frontex-scrutiny_20210423-0900-COMMITTEE-LIBE.
- Hearing. 2021d. April 29. Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/libe-working-group-on-frontex-scrutiny_20210429-1500-COMMITTEE-LIBE-1.
- Hearing. 2021e. May 21. Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/libe-frontex-scrutiny-working-group-meeting_20210521-1100-COMMITTEE-LIBE.
- Hearing. 2021f. June 23. Last Accessed November 21, 2021. https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/libe-working-group-on-frontex-scrutiny_20210623-1530-COMMITTEE-LIBE.
- Hellenic Republic. 2020. “Letter References as ORD/FDU/TUH0/3115/2020.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://www.statewatch.org/media/1941/greece-2.pdf.
- Hughes, C. 2019. “Action Between the Legal and the Illegal: A-Legality as a Political–Legal Strategy.” Social & Legal Studies 28 (4): 470–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663918791009.
- Ingram, A. 2019. “Thinking Security Through the Event: Materiality, Politics and Publicity in the Litvinenko Affair.” Security Dialogue 50 (2): 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010618824482.
- Loschi, C., and P. Slominski. 2022. “Frontex’s Consultative Forum and Fundamental Rights Protection: Enhancing Accountability Through Dialogue?” European Papers 7 (1): 195–214. https://doi.org/10.15166/2499-8249/554.
- Luscombe, A., and K. Walby. 2017. “Theorizing Freedom of Information: The Live Archive, Obfuscation, and Actor-Network Theory.” Government Information Quarterly 34 (3): 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.003.
- Mcgoey, L. 2019. The Unknowers. How Strategic Ignorance Rules the World. London: Zed Books.
- OJEU. 2014. “Regulation (EU) 656/2014.” Last Accessed September 13, 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0656.
- OJEU. 2016. “Regulation (EU) 2016/1624.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022.https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R1624&qid=1669041022294.
- OJEU. 2019. “Regulation (EU) 2019/1896.” Last Accessed September 13, 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019R1896&from=EN.
- (OJEU) Official Journal of the European Union. 2013. “Directive 2013/32/EU.” Last accessed November 21, 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0032&from=en.
- OLAF. 2022. “Case No OC/2021/0451/A1.” Last Accessed November 21, 2022. https://fragdenstaat.de/dokumente/233972-olaf-final-report-on-frontex/.
- Pallister-Wilkins, P. 2015. “The Humanitarian Politics of European Border Policing: Frontex and Border Police in Evros.” International Political Sociology 9 (1): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12076.
- Pelizza, A. 2021. “Identification as Translation: The Art of Choosing the Right Spokespersons at the Securitized Border.” Social Studies of Science 51 (4): 487–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312720983932.
- Perkowski, N. 2018. “Frontex and the Convergence of Humanitarianism, Human Rights and Security.” Security Dialogue 49 (6): 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010618796670.
- Pezzani, L., and C. Heller. 2019. “AIS Politics: The Contested Use of Vessel Tracking at the EU’s Maritime Frontier.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 44 (5): 881–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243919852672.
- Rappert, B. 2012. “States of Ignorance: The Unmaking and Remaking of Death Tolls.” Economy and Society 41 (1): 42–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2011.637334.
- Rozakou, K. 2017. “Nonrecording the “European Refugee Crisis” in Greece Navigating Through Irregular Bureaucracy.” Focaal—Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology 77: 36–49. https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2017.770104.
- Scheel, S. 2018. “Real Fake? Appropriating Mobility via Schengen Visa in the Context of Biometric Border Controls.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (16): 2747–2763. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1401513.
- Scheel, S. 2019. Autonomy of Migration? Appropriating Mobility Within Biometric Border Regimes. London: Routledge.
- Scheel, S., and F. Ustek-Spilda. 2019. “The Politics of Expertise and Ignorance in the Field of Migration Management.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 37 (4): 663–681. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775819843677.
- Sontowski, S. 2018. “Speed, Timing and Duration: Contested Temporalities, Techno-Political Controversies and the Emergence of the EU’s Smart Border.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (16): 2730–2746. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1401512.
- Stampnitzky, L. 2020. “Truth and Consequences? Reconceptualizing the Politics of Exposure.” Security Dialogue 51 (6): 597–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010620904576.
- Stavinoha, L. 2019. “Communicative Acts of Citizenship: Contesting Europe’s Border in and Through the Media.” International Journal of Communication 13: 1212–1230.
- Tazzioli, M. 2018. “Spy, Track and Archive: The Temporality of Visibility in Eurosur and Jora.” Security Dialogue 49 (4): 272–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010618769812.
- Tazzioli, M. 2020. “Disjointed Knowledges, Obfuscated Visibility. Border Controls at the French-Italian Alpine Border.” Political Geography 79: 102155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102155.
- Thomas, O. D. 2020. “Security in the Balance: How Britain Tried to Keep Its Iraq War Secrets.” Security Dialogue 51 (1): 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010619839544.
- Thym, D. 2021. “Muddy Waters: A Guide to the Legal Questions Surrounding “Pushbacks” at the External Borders at Sea and at Land.” EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy Blog.
- Van der Kist, J., H. Dijstelbloem, and M. de Goede. 2019. “In the Shadow of Asylum Decision-Making: The Knowledge Politics of Country-of-Origin Information.” International Political Sociology 13 (1): 68–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/oly029.
- Van der Kist, J., and D. Rosset. 2020. “Knowledge and Legitimacy in Asylum Decision-Making: The Politics of Country of Origin Information.” Citizenship Studies 24 (5): 663–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2020.1784645.
- Vaughan-Williams, N. 2015. Europe’s Border Crisis: Biopolitical Security and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Walters, W. 2014. “Drone Strikes, Dingpolitik and Beyond: Furthering the Debate on Materiality and Security.” Security Dialogue 45 (2): 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010613519162.
- Walters, W. 2021. State Secrecy and Security: Refiguring the Covert Imaginary. London: Routledge.
- Walters, W., and A.-M. D’Aoust. 2015. “Bringing Publics Into Critical Security Studies.” Notes for a Research Strategy’ 44 (1): 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829815594439.
- Wissink, L. 2019. “Material Guides in Ethically Challenging Fields.” In Secrecy and Methods in Security Research, 291–305. London: Routledge.