1,072
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Making sense of hate: young Muslims’ understandings of online racism in Norway

Pages 4928-4945 | Received 01 Sep 2022, Accepted 21 Jun 2023, Published online: 06 Jul 2023

References

  • Alba, R. 2005. “Bright vs. Blurred Boundaries: Second-Generation Assimilation and Exclusion in France, Germany, and the United States.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 28 (1): 20–49. doi:10.1080/0141987042000280003.
  • Auxier, B., and M. Anderson. 2021. Social Media Use in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/04/PI_2021.04.07_Social-Media-Use_FINAL.pdf.
  • Bliuc, A.-M., N. Faulkner, A. Jakubowicz, and C. McGarty. 2018. “Online Networks of Racial Hate: A Systematic Review of 10 years of Research on Cyber-Racism.” Computers in Human Behavior 87: 75–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.026.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E. 2017. Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bravo López, F. 2011. “Towards a Definition of Islamophobia: Approximations of the Early Twentieth Century.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (4): 556–573. doi:10.1080/01419870.2010.528440.
  • Buckels, E. E., P. D. Trapnell, and D. L. Paulhus. 2014. “Trolls Just Want to Have fun.” Personality and Individual Differences 67: 97–102. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016.
  • Coates, R. 2011. “Covert Racism in the USA and Globally.” Sociology Compass 2 (1): 208–231. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00057.x.
  • Ellefsen, R., and S. Sandberg. 2022. “A Repertoire of Everyday Resistance: Young Muslims’ Responses to Anti-Muslim Hostility.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (11): 2601–2619. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1894913.
  • Eschmann, R. 2019. “Unmasking Racism: Students of Color and Expressions of Racism in Online Spaces.” Social Problems 67 (3): 418–436. doi:10.1093/socpro/spz026.
  • Essed, P. 1991. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory (Vol. 2). Newbury Park, California: Sage.
  • Fladmoe, A., and M. Nadim. 2017. “Silenced by Hate? Hate Speech as a Social Boundary to Free Speech.” In Boundary Struggles: Contestations of Free Speech in the Public Sphere, edited by A. H. Midtbøen, K. Steen-Johnsen, and K. Thorbjørnsrud, 45–75. Oslo: Cappelen.
  • Fladmoe, A., M. Nadim, and S. R. Birkvad. 2019. Erfaringer med hatytringer og hets blant LHBT-personer, andre minoritetsgrupper og den øvrige befolkningen (Rapport 2019: 4). Retrieved from Oslo: https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2584665/Erfaringer%2bmed%2bhatytringer.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
  • Foxman, A. H., and C. Wolf. 2013. Viral Hate: Containing its Spread on the Internet. New York: Macmillan.
  • Garner, S., and S. Selod. 2015. “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1177/0896920514531606.
  • Gin, K. J., A. M. Martínez-Alemán, H. T. Rowan-Kenyon, and D. Hottell. 2017. “Racialized Aggressions and Social Media on Campus.” Journal of College Student Development 58 (2): 159–174. doi:10.1353/csd.2017.0013.
  • Goldberg, D. T. 2009. The Threat of Race: Reflections on Racial Neoliberalism. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Harris, R., D. Cormack, M. Tobias, L.-C. Yeh, N. Talamaivao, J. Minster, and R. Timutimu. 2012. “The Pervasive Effects of Racism: Experiences of Racial Discrimination in New Zealand Over Time and Associations with Multiple Health Domains.” Social Science & Medicine 74 (3): 408–415. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.004.
  • Haugsgjerd, A. H., and K. Thorbjørnsrud. 2021. “Innspill til debatten om strukturell rasisme: potensial, utfordringer og kritikk.” Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 62 (1): 78–79. doi:10.18261/issn.1504-291X-2021-01-04.
  • Høy-Petersen, N. 2021. “Civility and Rejection: The Contextuality of Cosmopolitan and Racist Behaviours.” Sociology 55 (6): 1191–1210. doi:10.1177/00380385211011570.
  • Hutchens, M. J., V. J. Cicchirillo, and J. D. Hmielowski. 2015. “How Could you Think That?!?!: Understanding Intentions to Engage in Political Flaming.” New Media & Society 17 (8): 1201–1219. doi:10.1177/1461444814522947.
  • Jovchelovitch, S. 2007. Knowledge in Context: Representations, Community and Culture. London: Routledge.
  • Lamont, M., G. M. Silva, J. Welburn, J. Guetzkow, N. Mizrachi, H. Herzog, and E. Reis. 2016. Getting Respect: Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel. Princton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Matamoros-Fernández, A., and J. Farkas. 2021. “Racism, Hate Speech, and Social Media: A Systematic Review and Critique.” Television & New Media 22 (2): 205–224. doi:10.1177/1527476420982230.
  • Modood, T. 1997. “Introduction: The Politics of Multiculturalism in the new Europe.” In The Politics of Multiculturalism in the new Europe: Racism, Identity and Community, edited by T. Modood, P. Werbner, and R. Werbner, 1–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Moor, P. J., A. Heuvelman, and R. Verleur. 2010. “Flaming on Youtube.” Computers in Human Behavior 26 (6): 1536–1546. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.023.
  • Nadim, M., and A. Fladmoe. 2021. “Mobbing og hatytringer blant skoleungdom i Oslo: Betydningen av elevenes minoritetsbakgrunn og skolekonteksten.” Nordisk tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning 2 (2): 129–149. doi:10.18261/issn.2535-8162-2021-02-03ER.
  • Ortiz, S. M. 2019. ““You Can Say I Got Desensitized to It”: How Men of Color Cope with Everyday Racism in Online Gaming.” Sociological Perspectives 62 (4): 572–588. doi:10.1177/0731121419837588.
  • Ortiz, S. M. 2021. “Racists Without Racism? from Colourblind to Entitlement Racism Online.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44 (14): 2637–2657. doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1825758.
  • Papacharissi, Z. 2015. Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Perry, B. 2001. In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes. New York: Routledge.
  • Picca, L. H., and J. R. Feagin. 2007. Two-faced Racism: Whites in the Backstage and Frontstage. New York: Routledge.
  • Rehman, I., and T. Hanley. 2023. “Muslim Minorities’ Experiences of Islamophobia in the West: A Systematic Review.” Culture & Psychology 29 (1): 139–156. doi:10.1177/1354067(221103996.
  • Salvatore, J., and J. N. Shelton. 2007. “Cognitive Costs of Exposure to Racial Prejudice.” Psychological Science 18 (9): 810–815. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x.
  • Sue, D. W. 2010. Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Sue, D. W., and L. B. Spanierman. 2020. Microaggressions in Everyday Life. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.