Highly skilled and highly skeptical? How education and origin shape newcomers’ relationship with their new home*

References

• Alba, Richard, and Victor Nee. 1997. “Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration.” International Migration Review 31 (4): 826–874. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansak, Kirk, Jens Hainmueller, and Dominik Hangartner. 2016. “How Economic, Humanitarian, and Religious Concerns Shape European Attitudes Toward Asylum Seekers.” Science 354 (6309): 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, John W. 2003. “Conceptual Approaches to Acculturation.” In In Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research, edited by Kevin M Chun, Pamela Balls Organista, and Gerardo Marín, 17–37. Washington: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bettin, Giulia, Eralba Cela, and Tineke Fokkema. 2018. “Return Intentions Over the Life Course: Evidence on the Effects of Life Events from a Longitudinal Sample of First- and Second-Generation Turkish Migrants in Germany.” Demographic Research 39 (38): 1009–1038. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2018.39.38.
   Google Scholar
• Careja, Romana, and Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran. 2017. “Feeling German: The Impact of Education on Immigrants’ National Identification.” In In Lebensbedingungen in Deutschland in der Längsschnittperspektive, edited by Marco Giesselmann, Katrin Golsch, Henning Lohmann, and Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran, 149–166. Würzburg: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Czymara, Christian S., and Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran. 2016. “Wer ist in Deutschland willkommen? Eine Vignettenanalyse zur Akzeptanz von Einwanderern.” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 68 (2): 193–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-016-0361-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vroome, Thomas, Borja Martinovic, and Maykel Verkuyten. 2014. “The Integration Paradox: Level of Education and Immigrants’ Attitudes Towards Natives and the Host Society.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 20 (2): 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl, Claudia, Marion Fischer-Neumann, and Peter Muhlau. 2016. “Between Ethnic Options and Ethnic Boundaries – Recent Polish and Turkish Migrants' Identification with Germany.” Ethnicities 16 (2): 236–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796815616156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl, Claudia, and Elisabeth Liebau. 2015. “Turning Back to Turkey—or Turning the Back on Germany? Remigration Intentions and Behavior of Turkish Immigrants in Germany Between 1984 and 2011.” Zeitschrift für Soziologie 44 (1): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2015-0104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl, Claudia, Elisabeth Liebau, and Peter Muehlau. 2021. “How Often Have You Felt Disadvantaged? Explaining Perceived Discrimination.” KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 73 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-021-00738-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser, Hartmut. 2006. Sprache und Integration. Die Sozialen Bedingungen und Folgen des Spracherwerbs von Migranten. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.
   Google Scholar
• Esser, Hartmut. 2009. “Pluralisierung Oder Assimilation? / Pluralization or Assimilation?” Zeitschrift für Soziologie 38 (5): 358–378. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2009-0502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ette, Andreas, Barbara Heß, and Lenore Sauer Tackling. 2016. “Germany’s Demographic Skills Shortage: Permanent Settlement Intentions of the Recent Wave of Labour Migrants from Non-European Countries.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 17 (2): 429–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0424-2.
   Google Scholar
• Faist, Thomas. 2013. “The Mobility Turn: A New Paradigm for the Social Sciences?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (11): 1637–1646. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.812229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favell, Adrian. 2022. The Integration Nation: Immigration and Colonial Power in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier, Carol-Anne. 2016. “Obstacles to Socioeconomic Integration of Highly-Skilled Immigrant Women: Lessons from Quebec Interculturalism and Implications for Diversity Management.” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 35 (1): 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-03-2014-0022.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, Roxane, and Laura Ravazzini. 2022. “Life Satisfaction Among Skilled Transnational Families Before and During the COVID-19 Outbreak.” Population Space Place 28 (6): 1–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geurts, Nella, Tine Davids, and Niels Spierings. 2021. “The Lived Experience of an Integration Paradox: Why High-Skilled Migrants from Turkey Experience Little National Belonging in the Netherlands.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (1): 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1770062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowayed, Heba. 2022. Refuge: How the State Shapes Human Potential. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hajro, Aida, Günter K. Stahl, Callen C. Clegg, and Mila B. Lazarova. 2019. “Acculturation, Coping, and Integration Success of International Skilled Migrants: An Integrative Review and Multilevel Framework.” Human Resource Management Journal 29 (3): 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, Anthony, and Lindsay Richards. 2018. “How do Europeans Differ in Their Attitudes to Immigration? Findings from the European Social Survey 2002/03–2016/17.” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 222.
   Google Scholar
• Helbling, Marc, and Hanspeter Kriesi. 2014. “Why Citizens Prefer High- Over Low-Skilled Immigrants: Labor Market Competition, Welfare State, and Deservingness.” European Sociological Review 30 (5): 595–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochman, Oshrat, and Eldad Davidov. 2014. “Relations Between Second-Language Proficiency and National Identification: The Case of Immigrants in Germany.” European Sociological Review 30 (3): 344–359. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hübner, Wiebke. 2022. “The Interplay of Immigrant Integration and Naturalization.” PhD diss., University of Cologne.
   Google Scholar
• Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga, Karmela Liebkind, and Erling Spolheim. 2009. “To Identify or Not to Identify? National Disidentification as an Alternative Reaction to Perceived Ethnic Discrimination.” Applied Psychology 58 (1): 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joppke, Christian. 2024. “Neoliberal Nationalism and Immigration Policy.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (7): 1657–1676. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2024.2315349.
   Google Scholar
• Kogan, Irena. 2006. “Labor Markets and Economic Incorporation Among Recent Immigrants in Europe.” Social Forces 85 (2): 697–721. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan, Irena. 2012. “Potenziale nutzen! Determinanten und Konsequenzen der Anerkennung von Bildungsabschlüssen bei Zuwanderern aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion in Deutschland.” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 64 (1): 67–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-012-0157-6.
   Google Scholar
• Koikkalainen, Saara. 2013. “Transnational Highly Skilled Finnish Migrants in Europe: Choosing One's Identity.” National Identities 15 (1): 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2012.733156.
   Google Scholar
• Koopmans, Ruud, Susanne Veit, and Ruta Yemane. 2019. “Taste or Statistics? A Correspondence Study of Ethnic, Racial and Religious Labour Market Discrimination in Germany.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 42 (16): 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1654114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristen, Cornelia, and Julian Seuring. 2021. “Destination-Language Acquisition of Recently Arrived Immigrants: Do Refugees Differ from Other Immigrants?” Journal for Educational Research Online 2021 (1): 128–156. https://doi.org/10.31244/jero.2021.01.05.
   Google Scholar
• Kunst, Jonas R., and David L. Sam. 2013. “Expanding the Margins of Identity: A Critique of Marginalization in a Globalized World.” International Perspectives in Psychology 2 (4): 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000008.
   Google Scholar
• Lowell, B. Lindsay, and Allan Findlay. 2001. “Migration of Highly Skilled Persons from Developing Countries: Impact and Policy Responses.” In International Migration Papers, 44. Geneva: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• Martinovic, Borja, and Maykel Verkuyten. 2012. “Host National and Religious Identification Among Turkish Muslims in Western Europe: The Role of Ingroup Norms, Perceived Discrimination and Value Incompatibility.” European Journal of Social Psychology 42 (7): 893–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, Douglas S., and Ilana Redstone Akresh. 2006. “Immigrant Intentions and Mobility in a Global Economy: The Attitudes and Behavior of Recently Arrived U.S. Immigrants*.” Social Science Quarterly 87 (5): 954–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00410.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinnity, Frances, and Merove Gijsberts. “Perceived Group Discrimination among Polish Migrants to Western Europe: Comparing Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and Ireland.” ESRI Working Paper No. 502, The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Dublin.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Jennifer M. 2000. “Language Use, Identity, and Social Interaction: Migrant Students in Australia.” Research on Language & Social Interaction 33 (1): 69–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327973RLSI3301_3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann, Elias, Lukas Stötzer, and Giuseppe Pietrantuono. 2018. “Attitudes towards Highly Skilled and Low-Skilled Immigration in Europe: A Survey Experiment in 15 European Countries.” European Journal of Political Research 57 (4): 1009–1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinney, Jean S., and Anthony D. Ong. 2007. “Conceptualization and Measurement of Ethnic Identity: Current Status and Future Directions.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 54 (3): 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plöger, Jörg, and Anna Becker. 2015. “Social Networks and Local Incorporation: Grounding High-skilled Migrants in Two German Cities.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (10): 1517–1535. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1015407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plöger, Jörg, and Susanne Kubiak. 2019. “Becoming ‘the Internationals’—how Place Shapes the Sense of Belonging and Group Formation of High-Skilled Migrants.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 20 (1): 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0608-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitz, Jeffrey G. 2013. “Closing the Gaps Between Skilled Immigration and Canadian Labor Markets: Emerging Policy Issues and Priorities.” In In Wanted and Welcome? Policies for Highly Skilled Immigrants in Comparative Perspective, edited by Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos, 147–163. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Röder, Antje, and Peter Mühlau. 2012. “What Determines the Trust of Immigrants in Criminal Justice Institutions in Europe?” European Journal of Criminology 9 (4): 370–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370812447265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, Louise, Amanda Klekowski von Koppenfels, and Jon Mulholland. 2015. “The Distance Between Us: A Comparative Examination of the Technical, Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of the Transnational Social Relationships of Highly Skilled Migrants.” Global Networks 15 (2): 198–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint Pierre, di Francesca, Borja Martinovic, and Thomas De Vroome. 2015. “Return Wishes of Refugees in the Netherlands: The Role of Integration, Host National Identification and Perceived Discrimination.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (11): 1836–1857. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1023184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, Merlin. 2019. “Social Mobility and Perceived Discrimination: Adding an Intergenerational Perspective.” European Sociological Review 35 (1): 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcy042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiele, Maximilian. 2021. “Life Satisfaction and Return Migration: Analysing the Role of Life Satisfaction for Migrant Return Intentions in Germany.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (1): 110–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1763786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schittenhelm, Karin, and Oliver Schmidtke. 2011. “Integrating Highly Skilled Migrants Into the Economy: Transatlantic Perspectives.” International Journal 66 (1): 127–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlueter, Elmar. 2012. “The Inter-Ethnic Friendships of Immigrants with Host-Society Members: Revisiting the Role of Ethnic Residential Segregation.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (1): 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.640017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidtke, Oliver. 2024. “Migration as a Building Bloc of Middle-Class Nation-building? The Growing Rift Between Germany’s Centre-right and Right-wing Parties.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (7): 1677–1695. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2024.2315350.
   Google Scholar
• Schönwälder, Karen. 2013. “Germany: Reluctant Steps Towards a System of Selective Immigration.” In In Wanted and Welcome? Policies for Highly Skilled Immigrants in Comparative Perspective, edited by Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos, 273–287. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, Benjamin, and Lars Leszczensky. 2016. “Native Friends and Host Country Identification among Adolescent Immigrants in Germany: The Role of Ethnic Boundaries.” International Migration Review 50 (1): 163–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seuring, Julian, Daniel Degen, Julia Rüdel, Felix Ries, Claudia Diehl, Cornelia Kristen, and Matthias Koenig. 2023. The ENTRA survey: Recent Immigration Processes and Early Integration Trajectories in Germany - Methodological Report. https://nbnresolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-85327-7.
   Google Scholar
• Shachar, Ayelet. 2006. “The Race for Talent: Highly Skilled Migrants and Competitive Immigration Regimes.” New York University Law Review 81: 101–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, Mario L., and Devah Pager. 2020. “Sociological Perspectives on Racial Discrimination.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 34 (2): 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.2.49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprengholz, Maximilian, Claudia Diehl, Johannes Giesecke, and Michaela Kreyenfeld. 2021. “From "Guest Workers" to EU Migrants: A Gendered View on the Labour Market Integration of Different Arrival Cohorts in Germany.” Journal of Family Research 33 (2): 252–283. https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-492.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, Viktor, and Johannes Velling. 1994. “Re-Migration Behaviour and Expected Duration of Stay of Guest Workers in Germany.” In In The Economic Consequences of Immigration to Germany, edited by Gunter Steinmann and Ralf E. Ulrich, 101–119. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Steinmann, Jan-Philip. 2019. “The Paradox of Integration: Why Do Higher Educated New Immigrants Perceive More Discrimination in Germany?” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (9): 1377–1400. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1480359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ten Teije, Irene, Marcel Coenders, and Maykel Verkuyten. 2013. “The Paradox of Integration: Immigrants and Their Attitude Toward the Native Population.” Social Psychology 44 (4): 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thränhardt, Dietrich. 2017. “Einbürgerungen im Einwanderungsland Deutschland: Analysen und Empfehlungen.“ European Commission, August 21. Accessed 19 October 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/einbuergerung-im-einwanderungsland-deutschland-analysen-und-empfehlungen_de.
   Google Scholar
• Tolsma, Jochem, Marcel Lubbers, and Mérove Gijsberts. 2012. “Education and Cultural Integration among Ethnic Minorities and Natives in the Netherlands: A Test of the Integration Paradox.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (5): 793–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.667994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuppat, Julia, and Jürgen Gerhards. 2021. “Immigrants’ First Names and Perceived Discrimination: A Contribution to Understanding the Integration Paradox.” European Sociological Review 37 (1): 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah, AKM Ahsan, Noor Hasharina Hasan, Siti Mazidah Mohamad, and Diotima Chattoraj. 2021. “Privileged Migrants and Their Sense of Belonging: Insider or Outsider?” Asian Journal of Social Science 49 (3): 161–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veit, Susanne, Hannah Arnu1, Valentina Di Stasio, Ruta Yemane, and Marcel Coenders. 2022. “The ‘Big Two’ in Hiring Discrimination: Evidence from a Cross-National Field Experiment.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 48 (2): 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220982900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkuyten, Maykel. 2016. “The Integration Paradox: Empirical Evidence from the Netherlands.” American Behavioral Scientist 60 (5-6): 583–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216632838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallrich, Lukas, Keon West, and Adam Rutland. 2020. “Painting All Foreigners with One Brush? How the Salience of Muslims and Refugees Shapes Judgements.” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 8 (1): 246–265. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i1.1283.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, David, Kelli Phythian, and Paul Anisef. 2007. “The Acculturation of Canadian Immigrants: Determinants of Ethnic Identification with the Host Society.” Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie 44 (1): 37–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2007.tb01147.x.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, Mary C. 1990. Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weinar, Agnieszka, and Amanda Klekowski von Koppenfels. 2020. Highly-Skilled Migration: Between Settlement and Mobility. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Welker, Jörg. 2022. “Relative Education of Recent Refugees in Germany and the Middle East: Is Selectivity Reflected in Migration and Destination Decisions?” International Migration 60 (2): 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, Andreas. 2008. “The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 113 (4): 970–1022. https://doi.org/10.1086/522803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, Elke. 2021. “Multicultural Citizenship for the Highly Skilled? Naturalization, Human Capital, and the Boundaries of Belonging in Canada’s Middle-Class Nation-Building.” Ethnicities 21 (2): 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796820965784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, Elke. 2024. “Middle Class Nation Building Through Immigration?.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (7): 1627–1656. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2024.2315348.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, Nils. 2014. “Legal and Symbolic Membership: Symbolic Boundaries and Naturalization Intentions of Turkish Residents in Germany.” In EUI/RSCAS Working Paper 2014/100, 1–39. Florence: European University Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Wittlif, Alex. 2018. “Wo Kommen Sie Eigentlich Ursprünglich her?” Diskriminierungserfahrungen und Phänotypische Differenz in Deutschland. Berlin: Forschungsbereich Beim Sachverständigenrat Deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (SVR-Forschungsbereich).
   Google Scholar