‘Stand by me’: competitive subnational regimes and the politics of retaining immigrants

References

• Abu-Laban, Yasmeen, and Judith A. Garber. 2005. “The Construction of the Geography of Immigration as a Policy Problem.” Urban Affairs Review 40 (4): 520–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087404273443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam, Ilke. 2013. Les Entités Fédérées Belges et l’intégration Des Immigrés: Politiques Publiques Comparées. Science Politique. Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
   Google Scholar
• Akbari, Ather, and Martha MacDonald. 2014. “Immigration Policy in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: An Overview of Recent Trends.” International Migration Review 48 (3): 801–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baglay, Sasha, and Delphine Nakache. 2014. “Immigration Federalism in Canada: Provincial and Territorial Nominee Programs (PTNPs).” In Immigration Regulation in Federal States, edited by Sasha Baglay, and Delphine Nakache, 95–116. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Beaverstock, Jonathan. 2012. “Highly-Skilled International Labour Migration and World Cities : Expatriates, Executives and Entrepreneurs.” In International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities, edited by Ben Derudder, Michael Hoyler, Peter J. Taylor, and Frank Witlox, 240–250. Paperback ed. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Beaverstock, Jonathan, and Sarah Hall. 2012. “Competing for Talent: Global Mobility, Immigration and the City of London’s Labour Market.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 5 (2): 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rss005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belkhodja, Chedly, and Michèle Vatz Laaroussi, eds. 2012. Immigration Hors Des Grands Centres: Enjeux, Politiques et Pratiques Dans Cinq États Fédéraux: Australie, Belgique, Canada, Espagne, Suisse. Paris: L’Harmattan.
   Google Scholar
• Bernard, Aude, and Francisco Perales. 2022. “Linking Internal and International Migration in 13 European Countries: Complementarity or Substitution?” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (3): 655–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1868983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloem, Jeffrey, and Scott Loveridge. 2018. “The Costs of Secondary Migration: Perspectives from Local Voluntary Agencies in the USA.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 19 (2): 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0538-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boese, Martina, and Anthony Moran. 2021. “The Regional Migration-Development Nexus in Australia: What Migration? Whose Development?” Frontiers in Sociology 6 (February): 602487. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.602487.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonikowska, Aneta, Feng Hou, and Garnett Picot. 2017. “New Immigrants Seeking New Places: The Role of Policy Changes in the Regional Distribution of New Immigrants to Canada.” Growth and Change 48 (1): 174–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher, Anna. 2016. Gender, Migration and the Global Race for Talent. Manchester University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1b3h8zc.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, Jennifer, and Dominique Clément. 2023. “Immigrant Settlement and Integration in Canada: Trends in Public Funding.” Journal of Canadian Studies 57 (2): 255–279. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs-2022-0012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, Tom, Margot Morrish, and Benjamin Amoyaw. 2008. “Attracting Immigrants to Smaller Urban and Rural Communities: Lessons Learned from the Manitoba Provincial Nominee Program.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de L'integration et de la Migration Internationale 9 (2): 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0051-2.
   Google Scholar
• Cerna, Lucie, and Mathias Czaika. 2020. “Rising Stars in the Global Race for Skill? A Comparative Analysis of Brazil, India, and Malaysia.” Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champion, A. G., Thomas Cooke, and Ian Shuttleworth, eds. 2018. Internal Migration in the Developed World: Are We Becoming Less Mobile? Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cranston, Sophie, and Karine Duplan. 2022. “A Reflexive Perspective on Privileged Migration Studies. What’s the Point?” IMISCOE - Reflexivities in Migration Studies Blog (blog). 14 June 2022. https://www.imiscoe.org/news-and-blog/sc-blogs/reflex-studies/1564-a-reflexive-perspective-on-privileged-migration-studies-what-s-the-point.
   Google Scholar
• Cranston, Sophie, and Karine Duplan. 2023. “Infrastructures of Migration and the Ordering of Privilege in Mobility.” Migration Studies 11 (2): 330–348. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnad001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaika, Mathias, ed. 2018. High-Skilled Migration: Drivers and Policies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dam, Huyen, Joyce Chan, and Sarah Wayland. 2018. “Missed Opportunity: International Students in Canada Face Barriers to Permanent Residence.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 19 (4): 891–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0576-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dardanelli, Paolo, and Sean Mueller. 2019. “Dynamic De/Centralization in Switzerland, 1848–2010.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 49 (1): 138–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjx056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derwing, Tracey M., and Harvey Krahn. 2008. “Attracting and Retaining Immigrants Outside the Metropolis: Is the Pie Too Small for Everyone to Have a Piece? The Case of Edmonton, Alberta.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de L'integration et de la Migration Internationale 9 (2): 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0050-3.
   Google Scholar
• Ellermann, Antje, and Yana Gorokhovskaia. 2020. “The Impermanence of Permanence: The Rise of Probationary Immigration in Canada.” International Migration 58 (6): 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewers, Michael C., Nabil Khattab, Zahra Babar, and Muznah Madeeha. 2022. “Skilled Migration to Emerging Economies: The Global Competition for Talent Beyond the West.” Globalizations 19 (2): 268–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.1882816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewers, Michael C., Nabil Khattab, Zahra Babar, and Muznah Madeeha. 2022. “Skilled Migration to Emerging Economies: The Global Competition for Talent beyond the West.” Globalizations 19 (2): 268–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.1882816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, Tony, Halina Sapeha, and Kerri Neil. 2018. “Integration and Retention of Refugees in Smaller Communities.” International Migration 56 (6): 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flyvbjerg, Bent. 2006. “Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 12 (2): 219–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haan, Michael, Yuchen Li, and Lindsay Finlay. 2023. “Stay a While: The Retention of Immigrants in Rural Canada.” Journal of International Migration and Integration. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01099-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. 2018. Attracting and Retaining International Students as Skilled Migrants. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0010.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, Michael, and Ben Cashore. 2014. “Conceptualizing Public Policy.” In Comparative Policy Studies, edited by Isabelle Engeli and Christine Rothmayr Allison, 17–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137314154_2.
   Google Scholar
• Hugo, Graeme. 2008. “Australia’s State-Specific and Regional Migration Scheme: An Assessment of Its Impacts in South Australia.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de L'integration et de la Migration Internationale 9 (2): 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0055-y.
   Google Scholar
• Hyndman, Jennifer, Nadine Schuurman, and Rob Fiedler. 2006. “Size Matters: Attracting New Immigrants to Canadian Cities.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de L'integration et de la Migration Internationale 7 (1): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-006-1000-6.
   Google Scholar
• Jenson, Jane, and Mireille Paquet. 2019. “Canada’s Changing Citizenship Regime through the Lense of Immigration and Integration.” In Federalism and the Welfare State in a Multicultural World, edited by Elizabethx Goodyear-Grant, Richard Johnston, Will Kymlicka, and John Myles, 175–201. Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jeram, Sanjay, and Eleni Nicolaides. 2019. “Intergovernmental Relations on Immigrant Integration in Canada: Insights from Quebec, Manitoba, and Ontario.” Regional & Federal Studies 29 (5): 613–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2018.1491841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaida, Lisa, Feng Hou, and Max Stick. 2020. “The Long-Term Economic Integration of Resettled Refugees in Canada: A Comparison of Privately Sponsored Refugees and Government-Assisted Refugees.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (9): 1687–1708. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1623017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur, Devesh, and John McHale. 2005. Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, Melissa, and Michelle Nguyen. 2023. “Choosing to Stay: Understanding Immigrant Retention in Four Non-Metropolitan Counties in Southern Ontario.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 24 (S6): 1055–1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01034-8.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, Melissa, Michelle Nguyen, and Anna Triandafyllidou. 2023. “Why Migrants Stay in Small and Mid-Sized Cities: Analytical and Comparative Insights.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 24 (S6): 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01069-x.
   Google Scholar
• Kincaid, John. 2019. “Dynamic De/Centralization in the United States, 1790–2010.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 49 (1): 166–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjy032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, Russell, and Ronald Skeldon. 2010. “‘Mind the Gap!’ Integrating Approaches to Internal and International Migration.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (10): 1619–1646. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.489380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leo, Christopher, and Martine August. 2009. “The Multilevel Governance of Immigration and Settlement: Making Deep Federalism Work.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 42 (2): 491–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423909090337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, Lucia, Wei Li, and Wan Yu. 2019. “Highly-Skilled Migration from China and India to Canada and the United States.” International Migration 57 (3): 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Santana, Mariely, and Dersu Ekim Tanca. 2023. “The Subnational Level and Research Design: Lessons from the Literature on the Comparative Method.” In Montreal.
   Google Scholar
• Maas, Willem. 2021. “Money in Internal Migration: Financial Resources and Unequal Citizenship.” In Money Matters in Migration: Policy, Participation, and Citizenship, edited by Annette Schrauwen, Tesseltje de Lange, and Willem Maas, 317–335. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009042505.018.
   Google Scholar
• Manatschal, Anita, Verena Wisthaler, and Christina Isabel Zuber. 2020. “Making Regional Citizens? The Political Drivers and Effects of Subnational Immigrant Integration Policies in Europe and North America.” Regional Studies 54 (11): 1475–1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1808882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosneaga, Ana, and Lars Winther. 2013. “Emerging Talents? International Students Before and After Their Career Start in Denmark.” Population, Space and Place 19 (2): 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, Kyle Anne, and Christine Marston. 2020. “Refugee Migration Histories in a Meatpacking Town: Blurring the Line Between Primary and Secondary Migration.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 21 (1): 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00694-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbold, K. Bruce. 1996. “Internal Migration of the Foreign-Born in Canada.” International Migration Review 30 (3): 728–747. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbold, Bruce. 2007. “Secondary Migration of Immigrants to Canada: An Analysis of LSIC Wave 1 Data.” Canadian Geographies / Géographies Canadiennes 51 (1): 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2007.00165.x.
   Google Scholar
• Nogle, June Marie. 1994. “Internal Migration for Recent Immigrants to Canada.” International Migration Review 28 (1): 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, Manish, and James Townsend. 2011. “Quantifying the Effects of the Provincial Nominee Programs.” Canadian Public Policy 37 (4): 495–512. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.37.4.495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, Manish, and James Townsend. 2013. “Provincial Nominee Programs: An Evaluation of the Earnings and Settlement Rates of Nominees.” Canadian Public Policy 39 (4): 603–618. https://doi.org/10.3138/CPP.39.4.603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquet, Mireille. 2017. “Wicked Problem Definition and Gradual Institutional Change: Federalism and Immigration in Canada and Australia.” Policy and Society 36 (3): 446–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2017.1361638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquet, Mireille. 2019. Province Building and the Federalization of Immigration in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paquet, Mireille. 2020. “Subnational Migration States and the New Politics of Immigration.” International Migration 58 (6): 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquet, Mireille, and Catherine Xhardez. 2020. “Immigrant Integration Policies When Regions Decide ‘who Comes in’: The Case of Canadian Provinces.” Regional Studies 54 (11): 1519–1534. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1808881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picot, Garnett, Feng Hou, and Eden Crossman. 2023. “The Provincial Nominee Program: Its Expansion in Canada.” Statistic Canada, https://doi.org/10.25318/36280001202300700004-eng.
   Google Scholar
• Sandoz, Laure. 2019. Mobilities of the Highly Skilled Towards Switzerland: The Role of Intermediaries in Defining “Wanted Immigrants”. IMISCOE Research Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21122-6.
   Google Scholar
• Sapeha, Halina. 2017. “Migrants’ Intention to Move or Stay in Their Initial Destination.” International Migration 55 (3): 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidtke, Oliver. 2014. “Beyond National Models?: Governing Migration and Integration at the Regional and Local Levels in Canada and Germany.” Comparative Migration Studies 2 (1): 77–99. https://doi.org/10.5117/CMS2014.1.SCHM.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, Colin, Saba Safdar, Roopa Desai Trilokekar, and Amira El Masri. 2015. “International Students as ‘Ideal Immigrants’ in Canada: A Disconnect between Policy Makers’ Assumptions and the Lived Experiences of International students.” Comparative and International Education 43 (3), https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v43i3.9261.
   Google Scholar
• Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin. 2022. “Regulating the Poor through Internal Borders: The EU in Historical and International Perspectives.” European Journal of Social Security 24 (1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/13882627211064637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, Jefferey M. 2019. “From Within to between Nations: Subnational Comparison Across Borders.” Perspectives on Politics 17 (1): 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592718002104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shachar, Ayelet. 2006. “The Race for Talent: Highly Skilled Migrants and Competitive Immigration Regimes.” New York University Law Review 81 (1): 148–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shachar, Ayelet. 2013. “Talent Matters: Immigration Policy-Setting as a Competitive Scramble Among Jurisdictions.” In Wanted and Welcome? Policies for Highly Skilled Immigrants in Comparative Perspective, edited by Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos, 85–104. Immigrants and Minorities, Politics and Policy. New York ; London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Shachar, Ayelet. 2017. “Citizenship for Sale?” In The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, edited by Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Bauböck, Irene Bloemraad, and Maarten Peter Vink, 789–816. 1st ed. Oxford Handbooks. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, Ajay Kumar. 2019. “Dynamic De/Centralization in India, 1950–2010.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 49 (1): 112–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjy022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spadavecchia, Camilla. 2023. “Well-Being and Intention to Stay: A Regional Approach to the Retention of Highly Skilled Migrants in the Kingdom of the Netherlands.” Migration Policy Practice XII (2): 30–36.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2017. “Distribution (in percentage) of Recent Immigrants in Canada by Provinces and Territories, 1981 to 2016.” Accessed December 21, 2023, https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/dai/btd/othervisuals/other008.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2021. “Internal Migration: Overview, 2016/2017 to 2018/2019.” Accessed December 22, 2023, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-209-x/2021001/article/00001-eng.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2023. “Canada’s Demographic Estimates for July 1, 2023: Record High Population Growth Since 1957.” Accessed December 21, 2023, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230927/dq230927a-eng.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Andrew J., Lauren Bell, and Rolf Gerritsen. 2014. “Benefits of Skilled Migration Programs for Regional Australia: Perspectives from the Northern Territory.” Journal of Economic and Social Policy 16 (1): 35–69.
   Google Scholar
• Trebilcock, Michael. 2019. “The Puzzle of Canadian Exceptionalism in Contemporary Immigration Policy.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 20 (3): 823–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0633-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triadafilopoulos, Triadafilos, ed. 2013. Wanted and Welcome? Policies for Highly Skilled Immigrants in Comparative Perspective. New York ; London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Van Haren, Ian. 2022. “Recent Canadian Research on Migrant Integration Using Administrative Data.” Global Literature Synthesis Report. Ottawa: University of Ottawa -The Refugee Hub. https://refugeehub.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Canadian-Integration-Data-Report_AUG-2022.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Van Huystee, Monica, and Benoit Jean. 2015. Interprovincial Mobility of Immigrants in Canada, 2006-2011. Research and Evaluation Branch. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id = Ci4-47-2015-eng&op = pdf&app = Library.
   Google Scholar
• Vineberg, Robert. 1987. “Federal-Provincial Relations in Canadian Immigration.” Canadian Public Administration 30 (2): 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.1987.tb00085.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, Anne Catherine. 2016. “Attirer les talents internationaux: Les ambiguïtés d’une hospitalité sélective.” Savoir/Agir 36 (2): 33–38. https://doi.org/10.3917/sava.036.0033.
   Google Scholar
• Wulff, Maryann, and A. Dharmalingam. 2008. “Retaining Skilled Migrants in Regional Australia: The Role of Social Connectedness.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de L'integration et de la Migration Internationale 9: 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0049-9.
   Google Scholar
• Xhardez, Catherine. 2020. “From Different Paths to a Similar Road? Understanding the Convergence of Subnational Immigrant Integration Policies in Belgium.” Regional Studies 54 (11): 1508–1518. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1663340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang, Zhixi Cecilia. 2023. “A Place-Based Approach to Understanding Immigrant Retention and Integration in Canadian and American Non-Traditional Gateway Cities: A Scoping Literature Review.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 24 (S6): 1029–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01052-6.
   Google Scholar
• Zolberg, Aristide R. 1987. “Wanted but Not Welcome: Alien Labor in Western Development.” In Population in an Interacting World, edited by William Alonso, 36–73. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar