Retrospective study of feline and canine cryptococcosis in Australia from 1981 to 2001: 195 cases

References

• Casadevall A, Perfect JR, eds. Cryptococcus neoformans. Wa-shington, DC: ASM Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Franzot SP, Salkin IF, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii: separate varietal status for Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 838–840.
   Google Scholar
• Boekhout T, Theelen B, Diaz M, et al. Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbiol 2001; 147: 891–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Boekhout T, Fell JW, Diaz M. Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus (Basidiomyccota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomy-cetidae). 2002; 51: 804–806.
   Google Scholar
• Denton JF, Di Salvo AF. The prevalence of Cryptococcus neofor-mans in various natural habitats. Sabouraudia 1968; 6: 213–217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swinne D. Cryptococcus neoformans and the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1979; 59: 285–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon MA. Cryptococcosis: a ubiquitous hazard. Occup Health Saf 1980; 49: 61–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis D, Pfeiffer T. Distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii among the species of Eucalyptus. Aust Mycol News 1996; 15: 47–51.
   Google Scholar
• Stephen C, Lester S, Black W, Fyfe M, Raverty S. Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can Vet J 2002; 43: 792–794.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. High prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in tropical and subtropical regions. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1984; 257: 213–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen S, Sorrell T, Nimmo G, et al. Epidemiology and host- and variety-dependent characteristics of infection due to cryptococcus neoformans in Australia and New Zealand. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 499–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer TJ, Ellis DH. Serotypes of Australian environmental and clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Med Vet Mycol 1993; 31: 401–404.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton RH. Cryptococcosis in dogs: a report on 6 cases. Aust Vet J 1981; 57: 558–564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackerman L. Feline cryptococcosis. Comp Cont Ed Prac Vet 1988; 10: 1049-1052, 1054–1055.
   Google Scholar
• Medleau L. Feline cryptococcosis. In: Kirk R (ed.). Current Veterinary Therapy X. Small Animal Practice. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1989: 1109–1112.
   Google Scholar
• Medleau L, Barsanti JA. Cryptococcosis. In: Greene CE (ed.). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1990: 687–695.
   Google Scholar
• Malik R, Wigney DI, Muir DB, Gregory DJ, Love DN. Cryptococcosis in cats: clinical and mycological assessment of 29 cases and evaluation of treatment using orally administered fluconazole. J Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30: 133–144.
   Google Scholar
• Malik R, Wigney DI, Martin P, Love DN, Muir DB. Veterinary aspects of cryptococcosis. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis, 1993. Milan: International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, 1993: 29.
   Google Scholar
• Malik R, Dill-Macky E, Martin P, et al. Cryptococcosis in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 consecutive cases. J Med Vet Mycol 1995; 33: 291–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik R, Martin P, Wigney DI, et al. Nasopharyngeal crypto-coccosis. Aust Vet J 1997; 75: 483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerds-Grogan S, Dayrell-Hart B. Feline cryptococcosis: a retro-spective evaluation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997; 33: 118–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies C, Troy GC. Deep mycotic infections in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1996; 32: 380–391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik R, Jacobs GJ, Love DN. Cryptococcosis: new perspectives on etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management. In: August JR (ed.). Consultations in Feline Medicine, vol. 4. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2001: 39–50.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt GB, Perkins MC, Foster SF, et al. Nasopharyngeal disorders of dogs and cats: a review and retrospective study. Comp Cont Ed Prac Vet 2002; 24: 184–200.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson GT. Feline cryptococcosis: a review and seven case reports. J Sm Anim Pract 1979; 20: 749–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik R, Hunt GB, Bellenger CR, et al. Intra-abdominal cryptococcosis in two dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 1999; 40: 387–391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerwin SC, McCarthy RJ, VanSteenhouse JL, Partington BP, Taboada J. Cervical spinal cord compression caused by crypto-coccosis in a dog: successful treatment with surgery and flucona-zole. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1998; 34: 523–526.
   Google Scholar
• King JM. Renal cryptococcosis. Vet Med 1997; 92: 40.
   Google Scholar
• Berthelin CF, Bailey CS, Kass PH, Legendre AM, Wolf AM. Cryptococcosis of the nervous system in dogs. Part 1: epidemio-logic, clinical, and neuropathologic features. Prog Vet Neurol 1994; 5: 88–97.
   Google Scholar
• Malik R, Craig AJ, Wigney DI, Martin P, Love DN. Combination chemotherapy of canine and feline cryptococcosis using subcuta-neously administered amphotericin B. Aust Vet J 1996; 73: 124–128.
   Google Scholar
• Beatty JA, Barrs VR, Swinney GR, Martin PA, Malik R. Peripheral vestibular disease associated with cryptococcosis in three cats. J Fel Med Surg 2000; 2: 29–34.
   Google Scholar
• Barrs VR, Martin P, Nicoll RG, Beatty JA, Malik R. Pulmonary cryptococcosis and Capillaria aerophila infection in an FIV-positive cat. Aust Vet J 2000; 78: 154–158.
   Google Scholar
• Foster SF, Charles JA, Parker G, et al. Cerebral cryptococcal granuloma in a cat. J Fel Med Surg 2001; 3: 39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Staib F. New concepts in the occurrence and identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopath Myco Appl 1963; 19: 143–145.
   Google Scholar
• Dimech WJ. Diagnosis, identification and epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Aust J Med Lab Sci 1991; 12: 13–21.
   Google Scholar
• Healy ME, Dillavou CL, Taylor GE. Diagnostic medium containing inositol, urea, and caffeic acid for selective growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol 1977; 6: 387–391.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Polacheck I, Bennett JE. Improved diagnostic medium for separation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neofor-mans (serotypes A and D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C). J Clin Microbiol 1982; 15: 535–537.
   Google Scholar
• Krockenberger MB, Canfield PJ, Kozel TR, et al. An immuno-histochemical method that differentiates Cryptococcus neofor-mans varieties and serotypes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Med Mycol 2001; 39: 523–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockman L, Roberts GD. Specificity of the latex test for cryptococcal antigen: a rapid, simple method for eliminating interference factors. J Clin Microbiol 1982; 16: 965–967.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray LD, Roberts GD. Experience with the use of pronase to eliminate interference factors in the latex agglutination test for cryptococcal antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2450–2451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik R, Kendall K, Cridland J, et al. Prevalences of feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections in cats in Sydney. Aust Vet J 1997; 75: 323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian social trends 1995. [online] 2001. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/ [email protected]/O/AFO1B3DOCA8D9C9DCA2569EE0015D8CA?Open (Accessed 25 May 2003.)
   Google Scholar
• Flatland B, Greene RT, Lappin MR. Clinical and serologic evaluation of cats with cryptococcosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209: 1110–1113.
   Google Scholar
• McGreevy PD, Fougere B, Collins H, Bartimore KM, Thompson PC. Effect of declining owned-cat population on veterinary practices in Sydney. Aust Vet J 2002; 80: 740–745.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs GJ, Medleau L, Calvert C, Brown J. Cryptococcal infection in cats: factors influencing treatment outcome, and results of sequential serum antigen titers in 35 cats. J Vet Intern Med 1997; 11: 1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes MS, Ball NW, Love DN, et al. Disseminated Mycobac-terium genavense infection in a FIV-positive cat. J Fel Med Surg 1999; 1: 23–29.
   Google Scholar
• Walker C, Malik R, Canfield PJ. Analysis of leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets in cats with naturally-occurring cryptococco-sis but differing feline immunodeficiency virus status. Aust Vet J 1995; 72: 93–97.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Cryptococcosis. In: Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE (eds). Medical Mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1992: 397–446.
   Google Scholar
• Krockenberger MB, Canfield PJ, Barnes J, et al. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Serological evidence for subclinical cryptococcosis. Med Mycol 2002; 40: 273–282.
   Google Scholar
• Watt PR, Robins GM, Galloway AM, O'Boyle DA. Disseminated opportunistic fungal disease in dogs: 10 cases (1982-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207: 67–70.
   Google Scholar
• Daly JS, Porter KA, Chong FK, Robillard RJ. Disseminated, nonmeningeal gastrointestinal cryptococcal infection in an HIV-negative patient. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 1421–1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutto JO, Bryan CS, Greene FL, White CJ, Gallin JI. Crypto-coccosis of the colon resembling Crohn's disease in a patient with the hyperimmunoglobulinemia E-recurrent infection (Job's) syn-drome. 1988; 94: 808–812.
   Google Scholar
• Malik R, Alderton B, Finnlayson D, et al. Cryptococcosis in ferrets: a diverse spectrum of disease. Aust Vet J 2002; 80: 749–755.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riley CB, Bolton JR, Mills JN, Thomas JB. Cryptococcosis in seven horses. Aust Vet J 1992; 69: 135–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littman ML, Walter JE. Cryptococcosis: current status. Am J Med 1968; 45: 922–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dromer F, Mathoulin S, Dupont B, Laporte A. Epidemiology of cryptococcosis in France: a 9-year survey (1985-1993). French Cryptococcosis Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speed B, Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acha PN. Cryptococcosis. In: Acha PN, Szyfres B (eds). Zoonosis and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, 2nd edn. Washington: Pan American Health Organization, 1987: 225–228.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman DL, Khine H, Abadi J, et al. Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood. Pediatr 2001; 107: e66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik R, Speed BR, Kaldor J, et al. Serum antibody response to Cryptococcus neoformans in cats, dogs and koalas with and without active infection. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mans in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Colonisation by var. gattii and investigation of environmental sources. Med Mycol
   Google Scholar
• Fisher D, Burrow J, Lo D, Currie B. Cryptococcus neoformans in tropical northern Australia: predominantly variant gattii with
   Google Scholar
• Laurenson IF, Lalloo DG, Naraqi S, et al. Cryptococcus neofor-
   Google Scholar
• Sorvillo FP, Turner PA, Beer VL, Kovacs AA, Kerndt PR.Incidence and factors associated with extrapulmonary cryptococcosis among persons with HIV infection in Los Angeles County. AIDS 1997; 11: 673/679.
   Google Scholar
• Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, et al. Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 449/454.
   Google Scholar
• Speed BR, Chen SCA. Infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii (Cryptococcus bacillisporus ): a clinical perspective. Micro Aust 2002; 23: 5/8.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald DW, Stretch HC. Canine cryptococcosis associated with prolonged corticosteroid therapy. Can Vet J 1982; 23: 200/ 202.
   Google Scholar
• Sawchuk SA. Apparent iatrogenic precipitation of CNS cryptococcosis in dog. Can Pract ; : 43 1982; 9: 45/46.
   Google Scholar
• Eng RH, Bishburg E, Smith SM, Kapila R. Cryptococcal infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1986; 81: 19/23.
   Google Scholar
• Laurenson IF, Trevett AJ, Lalloo DG, et al . Meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and var. neoformans in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90: 57/60.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Hermoso D, Janbon G, Dromer F. Epidemiological evidence for dormant Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3204/3209.
   Google Scholar