Onychomycosis: a critical study of techniques and criteria for confirming the etiologic significance of nondermatophytes

References

• Summerbell RC. Nondermatophytic fungi causing onychomycosis and tinea. In: Kane J, Summerbell RC, et al., eds. Laboratory Handbook of Dermatophytes. Belmont CA: Star Publishing, 1997: 213–259.
   Google Scholar
• Greer DL. Evolving role of nondermatophytes in onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol 1995; 34: 521–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achten G, Wanet-Rouard J. Onychomycosis in the laboratory Mykosen 1978; 23\(Suppl. 1): 125–127.
   Google Scholar
• Crespo Erchiga V, Casailas Carrillo C, Ojeda Martos A, et al. Examen direct versus culture. Etude sur 1115 cas de dermatomy-coses. J Mycol Med 1999; 9: 154–157.
   Google Scholar
• Davies RR. Mycological tests and onychomycosis. J Clin Pathol 1968; 21: 729–730.
   Google Scholar
• Midgley G, Moore MK, Cook C, Phan QG. Mycology of nail disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: S68—S74.
   Google Scholar
• Gentles JC. Laboratory investigations of dermatophyte infections of nails. Sabouraudia 1971; 9: 149–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naka W, Hanyaku H, Tajima S, et al. Application of neutral red staining for evaluation of the viability of dermatophytes and Candida in human skin scales. J Med Vet Mycol 1994; 32: 31–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiSalvo AF, Fickling AM. A case of nondermatophytic toe onychomycosis caused by Fusarium oxysporum . Arch Dermatol 1980; 116: 699–700.
   Google Scholar
• Summerbell RC, Kane J, Krajden S. Onychomycosis, tinea pedis and tinea manuum caused by nondermatophytic fungi. Mycoses 1989; 32: 609–619.
   Google Scholar
• Walshe MM, English MR Fungi in nails. Br J Dermatol 1966; 78: 198–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English MR Nails and fungi. Br J Dermatol 1976; 94: 697–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercantini R, Marsella R, Moretto D. Onychomycosis in Rome, Italy. Mycopathologia 1996; 136: 25–32.
   Google Scholar
• Scherer WP, McCreary JP, Hayes WW. The diagnosis of onychomycosis in a geriatric population. A study of 450 cases in south Florida. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2001; 91: 456–464.
   Google Scholar
• Budak A, Macura AB, Mazur T, Laskownicka Z. Fungal species isolated from skin and nail lesions of hands and feet of patients suspected of mycotic infection. Mykosen 1987; 30: 434–439.
   Google Scholar
• McGinnis MR, Rinaldi MG, Halde C. Mycotic flora of the human toe web. Mykosen 1976; 19: 84–86.
   Google Scholar
• Zaias N, Oertel I, Elliott DF. Fungi in toe nails. J Invest Dermatol 1969; 53: 140–142.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis D, Watson AB, Marley JE, Williams TG. Nondermatophytes in onychomycosis of the toenails. Br J Dermatol 1997; 13: 490–493.
   Google Scholar
• Arrese JE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Greimers R, Piérard GE. Fungi in onychomycosis. A study by immunohistochemistry and dual flow cytometry. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1995; 4: 123–130.
   Google Scholar
• Piérard GE, Arrese JE, De Doncker P, Piérard-Franchimont C. Present and potential diagnostic techniques in onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 273–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Cooper EA, McDonald P, Summerbell RC. Inoculum counting (Walshe/English criteria) in the clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis caused by nondermatophytic filamentous fungi. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 39: 2115–2121.
   Google Scholar
• Hull PR, Gupta AK, Summerbell RC. Onychomycosis: an evaluation of three sampling methods. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 1015–1017.
   Google Scholar
• Kane J, Summerbell RC. Dermatologic mycology: examination of skin, nails and hair. In: Kane J, Summerbell RC, Sigler L, et al., © 2005 SHAM, Medical Mycology 43, 39–59 eds. Laboratory Handbook of Dermatophytes. Belmont, CA: Star Publishing, 1997: 33–44.
   Google Scholar
• Summerbell RC, Kane J. Physiological and other special tests for identifying dermatophytes. In: Kane J, Summerbell RC, Sigler L, et al ., eds. Laboratory Handbook of Dermatophytes. Belmont, CA: Star Publishing, 1997: 45–77.
   Google Scholar
• Lawry MA, Haneke E, Strobeck K, et al. Methods for diagnosing onychomycosis: a comparative study and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 1112–1116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta AK, Kohli Y. In vitro susceptibility testing of ciclopirox, terbinafine, ketoconazole and itraconazole against dermatophytes and nondermatophytes, and in vitro evaluation of combination antifungal activity. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: 296–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Baran R, Summerbell RC. Nondermato-phyte onychomycosis. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21: 257–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gene J, Figueras MJ. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd edn. Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• English MP, Atkinson R. Onychomycosis in elderly chiropody patients. Br J Dermatol 1974; 91: 67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Summerbell RC. Combined distal and lateral subungual and white superficial onychomycosis in the toenails of an individual. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41: 938–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English MP, Harman RRM, Turvey JWJ. Pseudeurotiurn ovale in toenails. Br J Dermatol 1967; 79: 553–556.
   Google Scholar
• Gochenaur SE. Fungi of a Long Island oak—birch forest. Population dynamics and hydrolase patterns for the soil penicillia. Mycologia 1984; 76: 218–231.
   Google Scholar
• Borkowski P, Williams M, Holewinski J, Bakotic B. Onychomy-cosis: an analysis of 50 cases and a comparison of diagnostic techniques. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2001; 91: 351–355.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg JM, Koestenblatt EK, Tutrone WD, et al. Comparison of diagnostic methods in the evaluation of onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: 193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contet-Audonneau N, Salvini 0, Basile AM, Percebois G. Onychomycosis provoked by moulds. Importance of the biopsy for diagnosis. Frequency of the pathogenic species. Sensitivity to antifungal products. Nouv Dermatol 1995; 14: 330–340.
   Google Scholar
• Hongcharu W, Dwyer P, Gonzalez S, Anderson RR. Confirma-tion of onychomycosis by in vivo confocal microscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 214–216.
   Google Scholar
• Baek SC, Chae HJ, Houh D, et al. Detection and differentiation of causative fungi of onychomycosis using PCR amplification and restriction enzyme analysis. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 682–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzina W, Braun H, Freudenschuss K, et al. Fungal biodiversity — as found in nasal mucus. Med Mycol 2003; 41: 149–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendolin PH, Paulin L, Koukila-Kahkola P, et al. Panfungal PCR and multiplex liquid hybridization for detection of fungi in tissue specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 4186–4192.
   Google Scholar
• Suarez SM, Silvers DN, Scher RK, et al. Histologic evaluation of nail clippings for diagnosing onychomycosis. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127: 1517–1519.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibas CF, Sigler L, Summerbell RC, et al. Arachnomyces kanei (anamorph Onychocola kanei) sp. nov., from human nails. Med Mycol 2002; 40: 573–580.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Ahmad I, Borst I, Summerbell RC. Detection of xanthomegnin in epidermal materials infected with Trichophyton rubrum. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115: 901–905.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton YM. Clinical and mycological diagnostic aspects of onychomycoses and dermatomycoses. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17\(Suppl. 1): 37–40.
   Google Scholar