61
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

The weapon potential of human pathogenic fungi

&
Pages 689-696 | Published online: 09 Jul 2009

References

  • Fierer J, Kirkland T. Questioning CDC's “select agent” criteria. Science 2002; 295: 43
  • Rogers P, Whitby S, Dando M. Biological warfare against crops. Sci Am 1999; 280: 70–75
  • Bennett JW, Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16: 497–516
  • Furcolow ML. Airborne histoplasmosis. Bacteriol Rev 1961; 25: 301–309
  • Riedel S. Biological warfare and bioterrorism: a historical review. Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent 2004; 17: 400–406
  • Casadevall A, Pirofski L. The weapon potential of a microbe. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12: 259–263
  • Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE (eds). Medical Mycology, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1992.
  • Hajjeh RA, Brandt ME, Pinner RW. Emergence of cryptococcal disease: epidemiologic perspectives 100 years after its discovery. Epidemiologic Rev 1995; 17: 303–320
  • Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Fontanet A, et al. Epidemiology of HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France (1985–2004): comparison of the pre- and post-HAART eras. AIDS 2004 1985; 18: 555–562
  • Converse JL, Reed RE. Experimental epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis. Bacteriol Rev 1966; 30: 678–695
  • Rotz LD, Khan AS, Lillibridge SR, Ostroff SM, Hughes JM. Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 225–230
  • Brown JK, Hovmoller MS. Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its impact on plant disease. Science 2002; 297: 537–541
  • Close RC, Moar NT, Tomlinson AI, Lowe AD. Aerial dispersal of biological material from Australia to New Zealand. Int Biometereol 1978; 22: 1–19
  • Pappagianis D, Einstein H. Tempest from Tehachapi takes toll or Coccidioides conveyed aloft and afar. West J Med 1978; 129: 527–530
  • Steenbergen JN, Shuman HA, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans interactions with amoebae suggest an explanation for its virulence and intracellular pathogenic strategy in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001; 18: 15245–15250
  • Nosanchuk JD, Casadevall A. The contribution of melanin to microbial pathogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2003; 5: 203–223
  • Gray MR, Thrasher JD, Crago R, et al. Mixed mold mycotoxicosis: immunological changes in humans following exposure in water-damaged buildings. Arch Environ Health 2003; 58: 410–420
  • Beijer L, Thorn J, Rylander R. Mould exposure at home relates to inflammatory markers in blood. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 317–322
  • Health concerns associated with mold in water-damaged homes after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita – New Orleans area, Louisiana, October 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55: 41–44.
  • Kuhn DM, Ghannoum MA. Indoor mold, toxigenic fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum: infectious disease perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16: 144–172
  • Goldman DL, Davis J, Bommartio F, Shao X, Casadevall A. Enhanced allergic inflammation and airway responsiveness in rats with chronic Cryptococcus neoformans infection suggests a potential role for fungal pulmonary infection in the pathogenesis of asthma. J Infect Dis 2006; 193: 1178–1186
  • Noverr MC, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, McKenzie AN, Huffnagle GB. Development of allergic airway disease in mice following antibiotic therapy and fungal microbiota increase: role of host genetics, antigen, and interleukin-13. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 30–38
  • Block SM. The growing threat of biological weapons. Am Sci 2001; 2: 11
  • Jackson RJ, Ramsay AJ, Christensen CD, et al. Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. J Virol 2001; 75: 1205–1210
  • Mullbacher A, Lobigs M. Creation of killer poxvirus could have been predicted. J Virol 2001; 75: 8353–8355
  • Wormley FL, Jr, Perfect JR, Cox GM. Protection against cryptococcosis using a cytokine producing strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. 6th International Meeting on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis, Boston, MA, 2005. Abstract S7.1.
  • Dixon DM. Coccidioides immitis as a select agent of bioterrorism. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 91: 602–605
  • Kirkland TN, Fierer J. Coccidioidomycosis: a reemerging infectious disease. Emerg Infect Dis 1996; 2: 192–199
  • Crum NF, Potter M, Pappagianis D. Seroincidence of coccidioidomycosis during military desert training exercises. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4552–4555
  • Crum N, Lamb C, Utz G, Amundson D, Wallace M. Coccidioidomycosis outbreak among United States Navy SEALs training in a Coccidioides immitis-endemic area – Coalinga, California. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 865–868
  • Petersen LR, Marshall SL, Barton-Dickson C, et al. Coccidioidomycosis among workers at an archeological site, northeastern Utah. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 637–642
  • Lyon GM, Bravo AV, Espino A, et al. Histoplasmosis associated with exploring a bat-inhabited cave in Costa Rica, 1998–1999. Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 70 2004; 70: 438–442
  • Huhn GD, Austin C, Carr M, et al. Two outbreaks of occupationally acquired histoplasmosis: more than workers at risk. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113: 585–589
  • Goldman DL, Khine H, Abadi J, et al. Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus infection in early childhood. Pediatrics 2001; 107: E66
  • Fessel WJ. Cryptococcal meningitis after unusual exposures to birds. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1354–1355
  • Nosanchuk JD, Shoham S, Fries BC, et al. Evidence for zoonotic transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans from a pet cockatoo to an immunocompromised patient. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 205–208
  • Brookmeyer R, Blades N, Hugh-Jones M, Henderson DA. The statistical analysis of truncated data: application to the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak. Biostatistics 2001; 2: 233–247
  • Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997; 278: 399–411
  • Peters CJ, Hartley DM. Anthrax inhalation and lethal human infection. Lancet 2002; 359: 710–711

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.