Diagnostic value of morphological, physiological and biochemical tests in distinguishing Trichophyton rubrum from Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex

References

• Makimura K, Tamura Y, Mochizuki T, et al. Phylogenetic classification and species identification of dermatophyte strains based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 920–924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gräser Y, El Fari M, Vilgalys R, et al. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Arthrodermataceae (dermatophytes) using sequence analysis of the ribosomal ITS region. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 105–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gräser Y, Kuijpers AF, Presber W, de Hoog GS. Molecular taxonomy of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 315–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gräser Y, Kuijpers AF, Presber W, de Hoog GS. Molecular taxonomy of the Trichophyton rubrum complex. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 3329–3336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohst T, de Hoog GS, Presber W, Stavrakieva V, Gräser Y. Origins of microsatellite diversity in the Trichophyton rubrum-T. violaceum clade (Dermatophytes). J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4444–4448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahgal N, Monk B, Wasil M, Magan N. Trichophyton species: use of volatile fingerprints for rapid identification and discrimination. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 1209–1216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giddey K, Favre B, Quadrani M, Monod M. Closely related dermatophyte species produce different patterns of secreted proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 267: 95–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Summerbell RC, Kane J. The genera Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. Laboratory Handbook of Dermatophytes: A Clinical Guide and Laboratory Manual of Dermatophytes and Other Filamentous Fungi From Skin, Hair and Nails, J Kane, R Summerbell, L Sigler, S Krajden, G Land. Star Publishing, Belmont, CA 1997; 131–193
   Google Scholar
• de Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gené J, Figueras MJ. Atlas of Clinical Fungi. 2nd edn. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures/Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Utrecht/Reus, 2000: 954–992.
   Google Scholar
• Padhye AA, Summerbell RC. The dermatophytes. In: Hay R, Merz W. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Medical Mycology, 10th edn, Vol. 5. London: Arnold Publishers, 2005: 220–243.
   Google Scholar
• Summerbell RC, Weitzman I, Padhye AA. Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton and agents of superficial mycoses. In: Murray PR, Baro EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th edn. Washington: ASM Press, 2007: 1874–1897.
   Google Scholar
• Gräser Y, Kühnisch J, Presber W. Molecular markers reveal exclusively clonal reproduction in Trichophyton rubrum. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3713–3717
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Summerbell RC, Weitzman I, Padhye AA. The Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex: biological species and mating type prevalences of North American isolates, and a review of the worldwide distribution and host associations of species and mating types. Stud Mycol 2002; 47: 75–86
   Google Scholar
• Kane J, Fischer JB. The differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum from T. mentagrophytes by use of Christensen's urea broth. Can J Microbiol 1971; 17: 911–913
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larone DH. Medically Important Fungi4th. edn. ASM Press, Washington, DC 2002; 310–348
   Google Scholar
• Ajello L, Georg LK. In vitro cultures for differentiating between atypical isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 1957; 8: 3–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer JB, Kane J. The detection of contamination in Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 1971; 43: 169–180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Summerbell RC, Rosenthal SA, Kane J. Rapid method for differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and related dermatophyte species. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2279–2282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slifkin M, Cumbie R. Evaluation of the tween opacity test for the identification of dermatophytes. Med Microbiol Lett 1996; 5: 401–407
   Google Scholar
• Tumbay E. Pratik Tip Mikolojisi. Bilgehan Basimevi, Izmir 1983; 7–190
   Google Scholar
• Kane J, Fischer JB. The effect of sodium chloride on the growth and morphology of dermatophytes and some other keratolytic fungi. Can J Microbiol 1975; 21: 742–749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guoling Y, Xiaohong Y, Jingrong L, Liji J, Lijia A. A study on stability of phenotype and genotype of Trichophyton rubrum. Mycopathologia 2006; 161: 205–212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gräser Y, Fröhlich Y, Presber W, de Hoog GS. Microsatellite markers reveal geographic population differentiation in Trichophyton rubrum. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56: 1058–1065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krempl-Lamprecht L. Identification of dermatophytes by classical and rapid methods. In: Tumbay E. FEMS Symposium on Dermatophytes and Dermatophytes in Man and Animals (May 21-23, 1986, Izmir), Proceedings. Izmir: Bilgehan Publishing House, 1988: 39–48.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi Y, Sano A, Takizawa K, Fukushima K, Miyaji M, Nishimura K. The epidemiology and mating behaviour of Arthroderma benhamiae var. erinacei in household four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) in Japan. Jpn J Med Mycol 2003; 44: 31–38
   Google Scholar
• Sinski JT, Van Avermaete D, Kelley LM. Analysis of tests used to differentiate Trichophyton rubrum from Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13: 62–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kane J, Fischer JB. Occurrence of Trichophyton megninii in Ontario. Identification with a simple cultural procedure. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 2: 111–114
   Google Scholar
• Rezusta A, Rubio MC, Alejandre MC. Differentiation between Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum by sorbitol assimilation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 219–220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yucel A, Al-Ali Z. Trichophyton mentagrophytes'de makrokonidiya oluşumu. T Parazitol Derg 1993; 17: 59–63
   Google Scholar
• Kane J. Trichophyton fischeri sp. nov.: a saprophyte resembling Trichophyton rubrum. Sabouraudia 1977; 15: 231–241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar