References
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 16-4984, NSDUH Series H-51); 2016. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. Accessed November, 15 2016
- Asche CV, Clay E, Kharitonova E, et al. Budgetary impact of the utilization of buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual film and tablet for Medicaid in the United States. J Med Econ 2015;18:600-11
- Compton WM, Jones CM, Baldwin GT. Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use. N Engl J Med 2016;374:154-63
- Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, et al. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths - United States, 2010–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1445-52
- Birnbaum HG, White AG, Schiller M, et al. Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States. Pain Med 2011;12:657-67
- Inocencio TJ, Carroll NV, Read EJ, et al. The economic burden of opioid-related poisoning in the United States. Pain Med 2013;14:1534-47
- White AG, Birnbaum HG, Mareva MN, et al. Direct costs of opioid abuse in an insured population in the United States. J Manag Care Pharm 2005;11:469-79
- Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Surratt HL, et al. Factors contributing to the rise of buprenorphine misuse: 2008-2013. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;142:98-104
- Jackson H, Mandell K, Johnson K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of injectable extended-release naltrexone compared with methadone maintenance and buprenorphine maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Subst Abus 2015;36:226-31
- Earnshaw V, Smith L, Copenhaver M. Drug addiction stigma in the context of methadone maintenance therapy: an investigation into understudied sources of stigma. Int J Ment Health Addict 2013;11:110-22
- Tran BX, Vu PB, Nguyen LH, et al. Drug addiction stigma in relation to methadone maintenance treatment by different service delivery models in Vietnam. BMC Public Health 2016;16:238
- SAMHSA Advisory. An introduction to extended-release injectable naltrexone for the treatment of people with opioid dependence; 2012. http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA12-4682/SMA12-4682.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2016
- Gibson AE, Degenhardt LJ, Hall WD. Opioid overdose deaths can occur in patients with naltrexone implants. Med J Aust 2007;186:152-3
- FDA News Release. FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence. Silver Spring, MD: FDA. 2016. http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm503719.htm. Accessed May 26, 2016
- Rosenthal RN, Lofwall MR, Kim S, et al. Effect of buprenorphine implants on illicit opioid use among abstinent adults with opioid dependence treated with sublingual buprenorphine: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;316:282-90
- White J, Bell J, Saunders JB, et al. Open-label dose-finding trial of buprenorphine implants (Probuphine) for treatment of heroin dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009;103:37-43
- Bebinger M. The promise and price of new addiction treatment implant. WBUR; 2016. http://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2016/05/19/probuphine-opioid-treatment-implant. Accessed May 19, 2016
- Bebinger M. FDA considering pricey implant as treatment for opioid addiction. National Public Radio (NPR); 2016. http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/20/478577515/fda-considering-pricey-implant-as-treatment-for-opioid-addiction. Accessed May 20, 2016
- Cartwright WS. Economic costs of drug abuse: financial, cost of illness, and services. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008;34:224-33
- Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S, et al. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)—explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force. Value Heal J Int Soc Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res 2013;16:231-50
- King JB, Sainski-Nguyen AM, Bellows BK. Office-based buprenorphine versus clinic-based methadone: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2016;30:55-65
- Connock M, Juarez-Garcia A, Jowett S, et al. Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2007;11:1-171
- NIDA. Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide, 3rd edition. NIDA; 2012. https://d14rmgtrwzf5a.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/podat_1.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2017
- Schackman BR, Leff JA, Polsky D, et al. Cost-effectiveness of long-term outpatient buprenorphine-naloxone treatment for opioid dependence in primary care. J Gen Intern Med 2012;27:669-76
- Kopak AM, Haugh S, Hoffmann NG. The entanglement between relapse and posttreatment criminal justice involvement. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2016;42:606-13
- Clark RE, Baxter JD, Barton BA, et al. The impact of prior authorization on buprenorphine dose, relapse rates, and cost for Massachusetts Medicaid beneficiaries with opioid dependence. Health Serv Res 2014;49:1964-79
- Jones ES, Moore BA, Sindelar JL, et al. Cost analysis of clinic and office-based treatment of opioid dependence: results with methadone and buprenorphine in clinically stable patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009;99:132-40
- United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. 2016. https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/dsrv?cu. Accessed February 1, 2017
- Koerkamp BG. Uncertainty in medical decision making. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Erasmus University; 2009. https://repub.eur.nl/pub/17360/091201_GrootKoerkamp,Bas.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2016
- Rice JB, Kirson NY, Shei A, et al. Estimating the costs of opioid abuse and dependence from an employer perspective: a retrospective analysis using administrative claims data. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2014;12:435-46
- Rice JB, Kirson NY, Shei A, et al. The economic burden of diagnosed opioid abuse among commercially insured individuals. Postgrad Med 2014;126:53-8
- Roland CL, Joshi AV, Mardekian J,. Prevalence and cost of diagnosed opioid abuse in a privately insured population in the United States. J Opioid Manag 2013;9:161-75
- Oderda GM, Lake J, Rudell K, et al. Economic burden of prescription opioid misuse and abuse: a systematic review. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2015;29:388-400
- Rice J, Bodnar K, Shei A, et al. Differences between high cost and low-cost patients diagnosed with opioid abuse. Value Health 2014;17:A214-15
- Pasquale MK, Joshi AV, Dufour R, et al. Cost drivers of prescription opioid abuse in commercial and Medicare populations. Pain Pract 2014;14:E116-25
- McCue MJ, Palazzolo JR. Analysis of actual versus projected medical claims under the first year of ACA-mandated coverage. Inquiry 2016;53:1-5
- Tkacz J, Pesa J, Vo L, et al. Opioid analgesic-treated chronic pain patients at risk for problematic use. Am J Manag Care 2013;19:871-80
- McCollister KE, French MT. The relative contribution of outcome domains in the total economic benefit of addiction interventions: a review of first findings. Addiction 2003;98:1647-59
- Marel C, Mills KL, Darke S, et al. Static and dynamic predictors of criminal involvement among people with heroin dependence: findings from a 3-year longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013;133:600-6
- Campbell MD, Kolodner G, Spencer RA, et al. Drug test results as a predictor of retention among patients using buprenorphine in a comprehensive outpatient treatment program. J Addict Dis 2016;35:315-24
- Degenhardt L, Randall D, Hall W, et al. Mortality among clients of a state-wide opioid pharmacotherapy program over 20 years: risk factors and lives saved. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009;105:9-15
- Lavonas EJ, Banner W, Bradt P, et al. Root causes, clinical effects, and outcomes of unintentional exposures to buprenorphine by young children. J Pediatr 2013;163:1373-7
- US Food and Drug Administration. Briefing document for the FDA Advisory Committee Meeting held December 11, 2015. Silver Spring, MD:US FDA; 2015. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/PsychopharmacologicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM480733.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2016
- Larance B, Degenhardt L, O’Brien S, et al. Prescribers’ perceptions of the diversion and injection of medication by opioid substitution treatment patients. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:613-20
- Lofwall MR, Wunsch MJ, Nuzzo PA, et al. Efficacy of continuing medical education to reduce the risk of buprenorphine diversion. J Subst Abuse Treat 2011;41:321-9
- Jordan AE, Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, et al. Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection among persons who inject drugs in New York City: 2006–2013. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015;152:194-200
- Eiden C, Nogue E, Diot C, et al. Three complementary approaches to characterize buprenorphine misuse. Subst Use Misuse 2016;51:1912-19
- Braeburn Pharmaceuticals. Braeburn Pharmaceuticals announces commercialization plans for Probuphine (buprenorphine) implant, six-month treatment for opioid dependence. Braeburn Pharmaceuticals; 2016. https://braeburnpharmaceuticals.com/category/press-release/. Accessed February 1, 2017
- Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human Services. List A: Opioids without abuse-deterrent properties. 2016. http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/quality/drugcontrol/drug-formulary/2016-meetings/cost-info-long-lasting-opioids-040716.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2017
- Le TK, Kalsekar A, Macaulay D, et al. Treatment patterns, health care resource utilization, and costs in U.S. patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C infection who received telaprevir or boceprevir. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2015;21:308-18
- Chandwani HS, Strassels SA, Rascati KL,. Estimates of charges associated with emergency department and hospital inpatient care for opioid abuse-related events. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2013;27:206-13
- Lee J. The costs of drug rehab. Drug Rehab 2013. http://www.choosehelp.com/topics/drug-rehab/the-costs-of-drug-rehab. Accessed February 1, 2016
- Institute for Clinical and Economic Review. Management of patients with opioid dependence: A review of clinical, delivery system, and policy options; 2014. http://icer-review.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CEPAC-Opioid-Dependence-Final-Report-For-Posting-July-211.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2016
- US Census Bureau. Income Data Tables; 2016. https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/income.html. Accessed June 1, 2017
- Lengyel T, Brown M. Everyone pays: A social cost analysis of incarcerating parents for drug offenses in Hawai’i; 2009. https://caphawaii.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/everyonepays_full.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2016
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. CY 2017 Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule. 2017. https://www.cms.gov/medicare/medicare-fee-for-service-payment/physicianfeesched/. Accessed February 1, 2017