Application of a simple point-of-care test to reduce UK healthcare costs and adverse events in outpatient acute respiratory infections

References

• Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A.; for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(6):425–434.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shehab N, Lovegrove MC, Geller AI, et al. US Emergency Department visits for outpatient adverse drug events, 2013–2014. JAMA. 2016;316(20):2115–2125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson SC, Smith S, Weissman SJ, et al. Adverse events in pediatric patients receiving long-term outpatient antimicrobials. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015;4(2):119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamma PD, Avdic E, Li DX, et al. Association of adverse events with antibiotic use in hospitalized patients. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(9):1308–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller AI, Lovegrove MC, Shehab N, et al. National estimates of emergency department visits for antibiotic adverse events among adults-United States, 2011–2015. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(7):1060–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations (Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2016); 2016. http://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160525_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Naylor NR, Atun R, Zhu N, et al. Estimating the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic literature review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7(1):58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smieszek T, Pouwels KB, Dolk FCK, et al. Potential for reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in English primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(Suppl. 2):ii36–ii43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pouwels KB, Hopkins S, Llewelyn MJ, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment for common infections in English primary care: cross sectional analysis and comparison with guidelines. BMJ. 2019;364:l440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackerman SL, Gonzales R, Stahl MS, et al. One size does not fit all: evaluating an intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(1):462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fletcher-Lartey S, Yee M, Gaarslev C, et al. Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections to meet patient expectations: a mixed methods study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):e012244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempsey C, Wojciechowski S, McConville E, Drain M. Reducing patient suffering through compassionate connected care. J Nurs Admin. 2014;44(10):517–524.
   Google Scholar
• Harbarth S, Samore MH. Antimicrobial resistance determinants and future control. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(6):794–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson M. FebriDx point-of-care testing to guide antibiotic therapy for acute respiratory tract infection in UK primary care: a retrospective outcome analysis. J Infect Dis Prev Med. 2017;05(03):165.
   Google Scholar
• Wipf JE, Lipsky BA, Hirschmann JV, et al. Diagnosing pneumonia by physical examination: relevant or relic? Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(10):1082–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, et al. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making. 1981;1(3):239–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. FebriDx for C-reactive protein and Myxovirus resistance protein A testing in primary care Medtech innovation briefing [MIB114]; 2017. p. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton N, Francis NA, Butler CC. Reducing uncertainty in managing respiratory tract infections in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2010;60(581):e466–e475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole A. GPs feel pressurised to prescribe unnecessary antibiotics, survey finds. BMJ (Clin Res ed.). 2014;349:g5238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ten Oever J, Tromp M, Bleeker-Rovers CP, et al. Combination of biomarkers for the discrimination between bacterial and viral lower respiratory tract infections. J Infect. 2012;65(6):490–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO); 2001. p. 105.
   Google Scholar
• Brown DK, Jennings I, Munroe-Peart S, et al. Point of care D-dimer testing in practice: survey results for D-dimer testing performed in patient care within the United Kingdom; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Gwyn L, Harris S, Clarke C. Evaluating a point-of-care C-reactive protein test to support antibiotic prescribing decisions in a general practice. Prevention. 2019;18. https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/research/research-article/evaluating-a-point-of-care-c-reactive-protein-test-to-support-antibiotic-prescribing-decisions-in-a-general-practice/20201688.article.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson M, Cross L, Sandison N, et al. Funding and policy incentives to encourage implementation of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for lower respiratory tract infection in NHS primary care: a mixed-methods evaluation. BMJ Open. 2018;8(10):e024558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howick J, Cals JWL, Jones C, et al. Current and future use of point-of-care tests in primary care: an international survey in Australia, Belgium, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e005611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittrich S, Tadesse BT, Moussy F, et al. Target product profile for a diagnostic assay to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial infections and reduce antimicrobial overuse in resource-limited settings: an expert consensus. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0161721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph P, Godofsky E. Outpatient antibiotic stewardship: a growing frontier-combining myxovirus resistance protein a with other biomarkers to improve antibiotic use. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(2):ofy024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spurling GK, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, et al. Delayed antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD004417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shapiro NI, Self WH, Rosen J, et al. A prospective, multi-centre US clinical trial to determine accuracy of FebriDx point-of-care testing for acute upper respiratory infections with and without a confirmed fever. Ann Med. 2018;50(5):420–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE clinical guideline 69 – antibiotic prescribing – respiratory tract infections. London: NICE; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. Overview of the UK population: August; 2019. p. 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Morice A, McGarvey L, Pavord I. Recommendations for the management of cough in adults. Thorax. 2006;61:i1–i24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashworth M, Cox K, Latinovic R, et al. Why has antibiotic prescribing for respiratory illness declined in primary care? A longitudinal study using the General Practice Research Database. J Public Health (Oxf). 2004;26(3):268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane J. Prospective study of the incidence, aetiology and outcome of adult lower respiratory tract illness in the community. Thorax. 2001;56(2):109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouwels KB, Dolk FCK, Smith DRM, et al. Actual versus ‘ideal’ antibiotic prescribing for common conditions in English primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(Suppl. 2):19–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dolk FCK, Pouwels KB, Smith DRM, et al. Antibiotics in primary care in England: which antibiotics are prescribed and for which conditions? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(Suppl. 2):ii2–ii10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Excellence NIFHaCo. Guideline sore throat (acute): antimicrobial; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Excellence NIFHaC. Guideline cough (acute): antimicrobial prescribing NICE guideline draft for consultation; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Excellence NIoHaC. Guideline otitis media (acute): antimicrobial prescribing; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Costs FPNuTRDaTCT. Regional drug and therapeutics centre (Newcastle) – cost comparison charts; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes E, Harris S, Hughes A, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing to reduce antibiotic prescribing in primary care. Antibiotics. 2018;7(4):106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National CGCU. Drug allergy: diagnosis and management of drug allergy in adults, children and young people. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Blumenthal KG, Wickner PG, Lau JJ, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a cross-sectional analysis of patients in an integrated allergy repository of a large health care system. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(2):277–280e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albin S, Agarwal S. Prevalence and characteristics of reported penicillin allergy in an urban outpatient adult population. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2014;35(6):489–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macy E, Ho NJ. Multiple drug intolerance syndrome: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and management. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;108(2):88–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macy E, Poon KYT. Self-reported antibiotic allergy incidence and prevalence: age and sex effects. Am J Med. 2009;122(8):778e1–778e7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn J, Ismael Z, Long PF, et al. Reported rates of diarrhea following oral penicillin therapy in pediatric clinical trials. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2015;20(2):90–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tahtinen PA, Laine MK, Huovinen P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for acute otitis media. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(2):116–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England PH. Quarterly epidemiological commentary: mandatory MRSA, MSSA and E. coli bacteraemia, and C. difficile infection data (up to January–March 2019). London: Public Health England; 2019. p. 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, et al. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(2):206–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little P, Stuart B, Smith S, et al. Antibiotic prescription strategies and adverse outcome for uncomplicated lower respiratory tract infections: prospective cough complication cohort (3C) study. BMJ. 2017;357:j2148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Self W, Rosen J, Sharp S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of FebriDx: a rapid test to detect immune responses to viral and bacterial upper respiratory infections. J Clin Med. 2017;6(10):94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Costing statement: drug allergy: diagnosis and management of drug allergy in adults, children and young people. Implementing the NICE guideline on Drug allergy in adults, children and young people (CG183); 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Oen IMMH, van der Vlies CH, Roeleveld YWF, et al. Epidemiology and costs of patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: a 27-year retrospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(12):2444–2450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand PN, Nathwani D, Wilcox MH, et al. Clinical and economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a systematic review of healthcare-facility-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect. 2012;81(1):1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler CC, Simpson S, Wood F. General practitioners’ perceptions of introducing near-patient testing for common infections into routine primary care: a qualitative study. Scand J Primary Health Care. 2008;26(1):17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones CH, Howick J, Roberts NW, et al. Primary care clinicians’ attitudes towards point-of-care blood testing: a systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14(1):117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner PJ, Van den Bruel A, Jones CHD, et al. Point-of-care testing in UK primary care: a survey to establish clinical needs. Fam Pract. 2016;33(4):388–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickner J, Thompson PJ, Wilkinson T, et al. Primary care physicians’ challenges in ordering clinical laboratory tests and interpreting results. J Am Board Fam Med. 2014;27(2):268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapasi AJ, Dittrich S, González IJ, et al. Host biomarkers for distinguishing bacterial from non-bacterial causes of acute febrile illness: a comprehensive review. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreeva E, Melbye H. Usefulness of C-reactive protein testing in acute cough/respiratory tract infection: an open cluster-randomized clinical trial with C-reactive protein testing in the intervention group. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15(1):80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang Y, Chen R, Wu T, et al. Association between point-of-care CRP testing and antibiotic prescribing in respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of primary care studies. Br J Gen Pract. 2013;63(616):e787–e794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do NTT, Ta NTD, Tran NTH, et al. Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics for non-severe acute respiratory infections in Vietnamese primary health care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(9):e633–e641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escadafal C, Nsanzabana C, Archer J, et al. New biomarkers and diagnostic tools for the management of fever in low- and middle-income countries: an overview of the challenges. Diagnostics. 2017;7(3):44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubell Y, Blacksell SD, Dunachie S, et al. Performance of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin to distinguish viral from bacterial and malarial causes of fever in Southeast Asia. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):511.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith R, Coast J. The true cost of antimicrobial resistance. BMJ (Clin Res ed.). 2013;346:f1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe KE, Joski P, Johnston KJ. Antibiotic-resistant infection treatment costs have doubled since 2002, now exceeding $2 billion annually. Health Affairs. 2018;37(4):662–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppong R, Smith RD, Little P, et al. Cost effectiveness of amoxicillin for lower respiratory tract infections in primary care: an economic evaluation accounting for the cost of antimicrobial resistance. Br J Gen Pract. 2016;66(650):e633–e639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar