References
- Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2008;372(9648):669–1517.
- Peterson LK, Fujinami RS. Inflammation, demyelination, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2007;184(1–2):37–44.
- Multiple Sclerosis Trust – Prevalence and Incidence of Multiple Sclerosis [cited 2021 June 08]. Available from: https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/prevalence-and-incidence-multiple-sclerosis.
- MS Society. Types of MS. [cited 2021 June 03]. Available from: https://www.mssociety.org.uk/about-ms/types-of-ms/relapsing-remitting-ms.
- Tremlett H, Yinshan Z, Devonshire V. Natural history of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008;14(3):314–324.
- Inojosa H, Proschmann U, Akgun K, et al. A focus on secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS): challenges in diagnosis and definition. J Neurol. 2021;268(4):1210–1221.
- Duddy M, Wilkinson C, Medhurst S, et al. Results from SPECTRUM: a survey of healthcare professionals to understand current diagnosis and management practices for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;55:103174.
- Caseby SCL, Woodhouse FA, Montgomery SM, et al. Transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: The consequences for patients and healthcare systems, a healthcare professional survey. Health Sci Rep. 2022;5(1):e474.
- Yong HYF, Yong VW. Mechanism-based criteria to improve therapeutic outcomes in progressive multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(1):40–55.
- Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology. 1983;33(11):1444–1452.
- Kappos L, Bar-Or A, Cree BAC, et al. Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2018;391(10127):1263–1273.
- Kappos L, Giovannoni G, Gold R, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of siponimod in patients with SPMS: EXPAND extension analysis up to 5 years (4128). Neurology. 2020;94(15 Supplement):4128.
- Gold R, Kappos L, Benedict R, et al. Siponimod slows physical disability progression and decline in cognitive processing speed in SPMS patients with active disease: a post hoc analysis of the EXPAND study. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27:328–329.
- Gold R, Kappos L, Bar-Or A, et al. Efficacy of siponimod in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients with active disease: the EXPAND study subgroup analysis. ECTRIMS Online Library. 2019;279110:P750.
- Benedict RHB, Tomic D, Cree BA, et al. Siponimod and cognition in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: EXPAND secondary analyses. Neurology. 2021;96(3):e376–e386.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Siponimod for treating secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (TA656). 2020. [cited 2021 June 03]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta656.
- Scottish Medicines Consortium. Siponimod (Mayzent®) 2020. [cited 2021 July 05]. Available from: https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/medicines-advice/siponimod-mayzent-full-smc2265/.
- Transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: When is SPMS identified in the UK and what are the consequences for patients and the National Health Service? Presented at the MS Trust Conference 2019 [cited 2021 July 05]. Available from: https://mstrust.org.uk/sites/default/files/ms_conference_posters_2019_Caseby_FINAL.pdf.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Natalizumab for the treatment of adults with highly active relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (TA127) 2007. [cited 2021 June 08]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta127.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fingolimod for the treatment of highly active relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (TA254) 2012. [cited 2021 June 08]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta254.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dimethyl fumarate for treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (TA320) 2014. [cited 2021 June 08]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta320.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Teriflunomide for treating relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (TA303) 2014. [cited 2021 June 08]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta303.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ocrelizumab for treating relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (TA533) 2018. [cited 2021 June 08]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta533.
- European Medicines Agency. Mayzent: EPAR – Public assessment report. 2020. [cited 2021 November 02]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/assessment-report/mayzent-epar-public-assessment-report_en.pdf.
- Schur N, Gudala K, Vudumula U, et al. Cost effectiveness and budget impact of siponimod compared to interferon beta-1a in the treatment of adult patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis with active disease in Switzerland. Pharmacoeconomics. 2021;39(5):563–577.
- Treatment Algorithm for Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapies (NHS England Reference: 170079ALG) 2019 [cited 2021 July 15]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2019/03/Treatment-Algorithm-for-Multiple-Sclerosis-Disease-Modifying-Therapies-08-03-2019-1.pdf.
- Pokorski RJ. Long-term survival experience of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Insur Med. 1997;29(2):101–106.
- Office for National Statistics. National Life Tables, England. 2017–2019. 2021 [cited 2021 May 21]. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/datasets/nationallifetablesenglandreferencetables.
- Kapoor R, Ho PR, Campbell N, et al. Effect of natalizumab on disease progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (ASCEND): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(5):405–415.
- Roos I, Leray E, Casey R, et al. Effects of high- and low-efficacy therapy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2021;97(9):e869–e880.
- Samjoo IA, Worthington E, Drudge C, et al. Comparison of ofatumumab and other disease-modifying therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. J Comp Eff Res. 2020;9(18):1255–1274.
- Patzold U, Pocklington PR. Course of multiple sclerosis. First results of a prospective study carried out of 102 MS patients from 1976-1980. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982;65(4):248–266.
- Curtis L, Burns A. Personal social services research unit. Canterbury: University of Kent; 2020.
- NHS National Tariff 2019–2020 London: NHS; 2021 [cited 2021 July 08]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/national-cost-collection/.
- Tyas D, Kerrigan J, Russell N, et al. The distribution of the cost of multiple sclerosis in the UK: how do costs vary by illness severity? Value Health. 2007;10(5):386–389.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Beta interferons and glatiramer acetate for treating multiple sclerosis (TA527) 2018. [cited 2021 June 11]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta527.
- Orme M, Kerrigan J, Tyas D, et al. The effect of disease, functional status, and relapses on the utility of people with multiple sclerosis in the UK. Value Health. 2007;10(1):54–60.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Guide to the methods of technology appraisal. 2013. [cited 2021 June 10]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg9/chapter/foreword.
- Butzkueven H, Kappos L, Wiendl H, et al. Long-term safety and effectiveness of natalizumab treatment in clinical practice: 10 years of real-world data from the Tysabri Observational Program (TOP). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(6):660–668.
- Lloyd A, Schofield H, Adlard N. Cognitive decline may not be adequately captured in economic evaluations of multiple sclerosis: are new treatments being undervalued? Curr Med Res Opin. 2020;36(4):609–611.