Menopause, hormone therapy and diabetes

References

• American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Sec. 2. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care 2016;39(Suppl 1):S13–S22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet 2016; 387:1513–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, Cowie CC. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012. Jama 2015;314:1021–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes. www.who.int/diabetes/global-report. Published online April 6, 2016; Accessed April 20, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Krug EG. Trends in diabetes: sounding the alarm. Lancet 2016;387:1485–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu AL. on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med 2015;163:861–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selph S, Dana T, Blazina I, Bougatsos C, Patel H, Chou R. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:765–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C. Does menopause increase diabetes risk? Strategies for diabetes prevention in midlife women. Womens Health (Lond) 2012;8:155–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brand JS, van der Schouw Y, Onland-Moret NC, InterAct Consortium, et al. Age at menopause, reproductive life span, and type 2 diabetes risk. Results from the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1012–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C, Edelstein SL, Crandall JP, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, et al. Menopause and risk of diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Menopause 2011;18:857–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriguer F, Morcillo S, Hernando V, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors are no more common during menopause: longitudinal study. Menopause 2009;16:817–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra GD, Carrigan G, Brown WJ, Barnett AH, Dobson AJ. Short-term weight change and the incidence of diabetes in midlife: results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1418–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie JR, Ball M, Dudley EC, et al. Impaired fasting glycaemia in middle-aged women: a prospective study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:646–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monterrosa-Castro A, Blumel JE, Portela-Buelvas K, Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), et al. Type II diabetes mellitus and menopause: a multinational study. Climacteric 2013;16:663–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qui C, Chen H, Wen J, et al. Associations between age at menarche and menopause with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis in Chinese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:1612–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Hayashi K, Mishra G, et al. Independent association between age at natural menopause and hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus: Japan Nurses’ Health Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013;20:161–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heianza Y, Arase Y, Kodama S, et al. Effect of postmenopausal status and age at menopause on type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in Japanese individuals: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 17 (TOPICS 17). Diabetes Care 2013;36:4007–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Donato P, Giulini NA, Bacchi Modena A, et al. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes in women attending menopause clinics in Italy: a cross-sectional study. Climacteric 2005;8:287–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuki M, Kasayama S, Morita S, et al. Menopause, but not age, is an independent risk factor for fasting plasma glucose levels in nondiabetic women. Menopause 2007;14:404–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu SI, Chou P, Tsai ST. The impact of years since menopause on the development of impaired glucose tolerance. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:117–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen I, Powell LH, Crawford S, Lasley B, Sutton-Tyrell K. Menopause and the metabolic syndrome: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1568–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, et al. Are changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronological aging or to the menopausal transition? J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:2366–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurka MJ, Vishnu A, Santen RJ, DeBoer MD. Progression of metabolic syndrome severity during the menopausal transition. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho GJ, Lee JH, Park HT, et al. Postmenopausal status according to years since menopause as an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome. Menopause 2008;15:524–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelsen TM, Pripp AH, Tonstad S, Trope CG, Dorum A. Metabolic syndrome after risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women at high risk for hereditary breast ovarian cancer: a controlled observational study. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:82–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorum A, Tonstad S, Liavaag AH, et al. Bilateral oophorectomy before 50 years of age is significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome and Framingham risk score: a controlled, population-based study (HUNT-2). Gynecol Oncol 2008;109:377–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL. Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and heart disease risk factors in older women. Am J Public Health 1997;87:676–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appiah D, Winters SJ, Hornung CA. Bilateral oophorectomy and the risk of incident diabetes in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2014;37:725–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejskova M, Pitha J, Adamkova S, et al. Bilateral oophorectomy may have an unfavorable effect on glucose metabolism compared with natural menopause. Physiol Res 2014;63(Suppl 3):S395–S402
   Google Scholar
• Pirimoglu ZM, Arslan C, Buyukbayrak EE, et al. Glucose tolerance of premenopausal women after menopause due to surgical removal of ovaries. Climacteric 2011;14:453–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBlanc ES, Kapphahn K, Hedlin H, et al. Reproductive history and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: findings from the Women’s Health Initiative. Menopause 2017;24:64–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman JS, Steenkiste AR, Foley TP, et al. Menopause in type 1 diabetic women: is it premature? Diabetes 2001;50:1857–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strotmeyer ES, Steenkiste AR, Foley TP, Berga SL, Dorman JS. Menstrual cycle differences between women with type 1 diabetes and women without diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1016–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snell-Bergeon JK, Dabelea D, Ogden LG, et al. Reproductive history and hormonal birth control use are associated with coronary calcium progression in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2142–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand JS, Onland-Moret NC, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Diabetes and onset of natural menopause: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Hum Reprod 2015;30:1491–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto N, Iniguez G, Lopez P, et al. Anti-mullerian hormone and inhibin B levels as markers of premature ovarian aging and transition to menopause in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hum Reprod 2009;24:2838–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C, Karvonen-Gutierrez C, Kong S, et al. Antimullerian hormone among women with and without type 1 diabetes: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study and the Michigan Bone Health and Metabolism Study. Fertil Steril 2016;106:1446–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarde F, van der Schouw YT, de Valk HW, on behalf of the OVADIA study group, et al. Age at menopause in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the OVADIA study. Hum Reprod 2015;30:441–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C, Clearly PA, Cowie CC, for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group, et al. Effect of glycemic treatment and microvascular complications on menopause in women with type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Cohort. Diabetes Care 2014;37:701–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjoberg L, Pitkaniemi J, Harjutsalo V, et al. Menopause in women with type 1 diabetes. Menopause 2011;18:158–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbera A, Fasanmade O, Kaira S. Menopausal symptoms and the metabolic syndrome in Nigerian women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Climacteric 2011;14:75–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Lopez R, Huerta R, Malacara JM. Age at menopause in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Menopause 1999;6:174–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhar TV, Medarametla S, Rahman A, Adapa SS. Early menopause in type 2 diabetes - a study from a South Indian Tertiary Care Centre. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:OC08–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malacara JM, Huerta R, Rivera B, Esparza S, Fajardo ME. Menopause in normal and uncomplicated NIDDM women: physical and emotional symptoms and hormone profile. Maturitas 1997;28:35–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triusu RJ, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Hormone replacement therapy and glucose metabolism. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:665–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespo CJ, Smit E, Snelling A, Sempos CT, Andersen RE, NHANES III. Hormone replacement therapy and its relationship to lipid and glucose metabolism in diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Diabetes Care 2002;25:1675–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara A, Karter AJ, Ackerson LM, Liu JY, Selby JV. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with better glycemic control in women with type 2 diabetes: The Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1144–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espeland MA, Hogan PE, Fineberg SE, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on glucose and insulin concentrations. PEPI Investigators. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1589–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo RA, Bush T, Carr BR, Pickar JH. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, coagulation factors, and carbohydrate metabolism. Fertil Steril 2001;76:13–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo RA, Pinkerton JV, Gass ML, et al. Evaluation of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and effects on metabolic parameters and overall safety profile. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1025–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman SM, Black DM, Naftolin F, et al. Arterial imaging outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in recently menopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:249–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ, et al. for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative hormone trial. Diabetologia 2004;47:1175–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonds DE, Lasser N, Qi L, et al. The effect of conjugated equine oestrogen on diabetes incidence: the Women’s Health Initiative randomised trial. Diabetologia 2006;49:459–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. Jama 2013;310:1353–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friday KE, Dong C, Fontenot RU. Conjugated equine estrogen improves glycemic control and blood lipoproteins in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:48–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning PJ, Allum A, Jones S, Sutherland WHF, Williams SM. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1772–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samaras K, Hayward CS, Sullivan Kelly RP, Campbell LV. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on central abdominal fat, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and vascular factors in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1401–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brussard HE, Gevers Leuven JA, Frolich M, Kluft C, Krans HMJ. Short-term oestrogen replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, lipids and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women with NIDDM. Diabetologia 1997;40:843–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson B, Mattsson LA, Hahn L, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy decreases hyperandrogenicity and improves glucose homeostasis and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:638–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie J, Jaap AJ, Gallacher S, et al. Metabolic, inflammatory and haemostatic effects of a low-dose continuous combined HRT in women with type 2 diabetes: potentially safer with respect to vascular risk? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:682–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernohan AF, Sattar N, Hilditch T, et al. Effects of low-dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on glucose homeostasis and markers of cardiovascular risk in women with type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66:27–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thunell L, Andersson B, Glassell M, Mattsson LA. The effect of continuous combined HRT on glucose homeostasis and plasma lipids. A placebo-controlled study in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Maturitas 2006;53:430–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson B, Mattsson LA. The effect of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on hyperandrogenicity and glucose homeostasis in postmenopausal women with NIDDM. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999;78:260–1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojanovic ND, Kwong P, Byrne DJ, et al. The effects of transdermal estradiol alone or with cyclical dydrogesterone on markers of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study. Angiology 2003;54:391–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera M, Sattar N, Petrie JR, et al. The effects of transdermal estradiol in combination with oral norethisterone on lipoproteins, coagulation, and endothelial markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1140–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosnier-Pudar H, Faguer B, Guyenne TT, Tchobroutsky G. [Effects of deprivation and replacement by percutaneous 17 beta estradiol and oral progesterone on blood pressure and metabolic parameters in menopause patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1991;84:1111–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cornu C, Mercier C, French P, et al. Postmenopause hormone treatment in women with NIDDM or impaired glucose tolerance: the MEDIA randomized clinical trial. Maturitas 2000;37:95–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darko DA, Dornhorst A, Kennedy G, Mandeno RC, Seed M. Glycaemic control and plasma lipoproteins in menopausal women with type 2 diabetes treated with oral and transdermal combined hormone replacement therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001;54:157–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo DA, Farias ML, Andrade AT. Effects of transdermal and oral estrogen replacement on lipids and glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Climacteric 2002;5:286–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006;8:538–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Lin J, Wang S, Xiong J, Zhu Q. Combined estrogen replacement therapy on metabolic control in postmenopausal women with diabetes mellitus. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2014;30:350–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay L, Kilbride L, Adamson KA, Chisholm J. Hormone replacement therapy for women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 Jun 6:CD008613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL. Type 1 Diabetes Sourcebook authors. Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2014;37:2034–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women—2011 update. A Guideline from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:1243–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild RA, Wu C, Curb JD, et al. Coronary heart disease events in the Women’s Health Initiative hormone trials: effect modification by metabolic syndrome: a nested case-control study within the Women’s Health Initiative randomized clinical trials. Menopause 2013;20:254–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce D. Long-term benefits and risks of HRT (Section 11): Type 2 diabetes. Post Reprod Health 2016;22:83–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Sec 4. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care 2016;39:S36–S8
   Google Scholar
• Baber JR, Panay N. Fenton A, for the IMS Writing Group. 2016 IMS recommendations on women’s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric 2016;19:109–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, et al. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:3975–4011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid R, Abramson BL, Blake J, et al. Managing Menopause. SOGC clinical practice guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014;36:S1–S80
   Google Scholar
• ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 141: Management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:202–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer VA. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:47–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The 2012 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2012;19:257–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and subsequent incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Epidemiol 1992;2:665–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pentti K, Tuppurainen MT, Honkanen R, et al. Hormone therapy protects from diabetes: the Kuopio osteoporosis risk factor and prevention study. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:979–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lauzon-Guillain B, Fournier A, Fabre A, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and new-onset diabetes in the French Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Muteuelle Generale de l’Education nationale (E3N) cohort. Diabetologia 2009;52:2092–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi R, Origliani G, Modena MG. Transdermal 17-B-estradiol and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a population of healthy, nonobese postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2004;27:645–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith NL, Barzilay JI, Shaffer D, et al. Fasting and 2-hour postchallenge serum glucose measures and risk of incident cardiovascular events in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:209–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Howard BV, Cowan LD, et al. The effect of estrogen use on levels of glucose and insulin and the risk of type 2 diabetes in American Indian postmenopausal women: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2002;25:500–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C, Long S, Laughlin GA, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, et al. Reductions in glucose among postmenopausal women who use and do not use estrogen therapy. Menopause 2013;20:393–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupte AA, Pownall HJ, Hamilton DJ. Estrogen: an emerging regulator of insulin action and mitochondrial function. J Diabetes Research 2015;2015:916585. doi: 10.1155/2015/916585. Epub 2015 Mar 26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hevener AL, Clegg DJ, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Impaired estrogen receptor action in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015;418:306–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocr Rev 2013;34:309–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira RI, Casey BA, Swibas TA, Erickson CB, Wolfe P, Van Pelt RE. Timing of estradiol treatment after menopause may determine benefit or harm to insulin action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:4456–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada M, Ito T, Nomura S, et al. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on HbA1C levels. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1088–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon U, Kwok LL, Magkidis A. Efficacy of lifestyle interventions in reducing diabetes incidence in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism 2013;62:303–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet 2008;371:1783–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom J, IIanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, et al. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 2006;368:1673–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009;374:1677–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Hebert JR, Balasubramanian R, et al. All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality rates in postmenopausal white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women with and without diabetes in the United States: The Women’s Health Initiative, 1993-2009. Am J Epidemiol 2013;178:1533–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Foundations of care and comprehensive medical evaluation. Sec. 3. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care 2016;39:S23–S35
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert MP, Pratley RE. The impact of diabetes and diabetes medications on bone health. Endocr Rev 2015;36:194–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox CS, Hill Golden S, Anderson C, et al. Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Circulation 2015;132:691–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsilidis KK, Kasimis JC, Lopez DS, Ntzani EE, Ioannidis JP. Type 2 diabetes and cancer: umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. Bmj 2015;350:g7607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar