References
- Drake MT, Clarke BL, Lewiecki EM. The pathophysiology and treatment of osteoporosis. Clin Ther 2015;37:1837–50
- Ramirez-Perez E, Clark P, Carlos F, et al. Health-related quality of life after surgery for hip fracture: a multicentric study in Mexican population. Medwave 2014;14:e5972
- Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyere O, et al. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:391–420
- Konstantinidis I, Papageorgiou SN, Kyrgidis A, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on bone turnover: an evidence-based review. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2013;8:48–60
- Civitelli R, Armamento-Villareal R, Napoli N. Bone turnover markers: understanding their value in clinical trials and clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 2009;20:843–51
- Dreyer P, Vieira JG. Bone turnover assessment: a good surrogate marker? Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2010;54:99–105
- Allende-Vigo MZ. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. P R Health Sci J 2007;26:91–5
- Koren N, Simsa-Maziel S, Shahar R, et al. Exposure to omega-3 fatty acids at early age accelerate bone growth and improve bone quality. J Nutr Biochem 2014;25:623–33
- Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.0.1. Updated September 2008. Availble from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/375/CN-00871375/frame.html
- Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:e1–34
- Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996;17:1–12
- Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557–60
- DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited. Contemp Clin Trials 2015;45:139–45
- Sterne JA, Egger M. Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:1046–55
- van Papendorp DH, Coetzer H, Kruger MC. Biochemical profile of osteoporotic patients on essential fatty acid supplementation. Nutr Res 1995;15:325–34
- Kruger MC, Coetzer H, de Winter R, et al. Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging (Milano) 1998;10:385–94
- Bassey EJ, Littlewood JJ, Rothwell MC, Pye DW. Lack of effect of supplementation with essential fatty acids on bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: two randomized controlled trials of Efacal v. calcium alone. Br J Nutr 2000;83:629–35
- Tartibian B, Hajizadeh Maleki B, Kanaley J, et al. Long-term aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplementation modulate osteoporosis through inflammatory mechanisms in post-menopausal women: a randomized, repeated measures study. Nutr Metab 2011;8:71
- Dong H, Hutchins-Wiese H, Kleppinger A, et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on bone turnover in older women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2014;84:124–32
- Hutchins-Wiese HL, Picho K, Watkins BA, et al. High-dose eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation reduces bone resorption in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors: a pilot study. Nutr Cancer 2014;66:68–76
- Fonolla-Joya J, Reyes-Garcia R, Garcia-Martin A, et al. Daily intake of milk enriched with n-3 fatty acids, oleic acid, and calcium improves metabolic and bone biomarkers in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 2016;35:529–36
- Salari SP, Asalforoush M, Ameri F, et al. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on bone biomarkers in Iranian postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized clinical trial. Age (Dordr) 2010;32:179–86
- Kakehasi AM, Carvalho AV, Maksud FA, et al. Serum levels of vitamin B12 are not related to low bone mineral density in postmenopausal Brazilian women. Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52:863–9
- Recker R, Lappe J, Davies KM, et al. Bone remodeling increases substantially in the years after menopause and remains increased in older osteoporosis patients. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:1628–33
- Bandeira F, Costa AG, Soares Filho MA, et al. Bone markers and osteoporosis therapy. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2014;58:504–13
- Zaitseva OV, Shandrenko SG, Veliky MM. Biochemical markers of bone collagen type I metabolism. Ukr Biochem J 2015;87:21–32
- Kajarabille N, Diaz-Castro J, Hijano S, et al. A new insight to bone turnover: role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. ScientificWorldJournal 2013;2013:589641
- Harris TB, Song X, Reinders I, et al. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and fish-oil consumption in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk in older adults: the age, gene/environment susceptibility study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:947–55
- McMahon MS. Beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids on bone metabolism. Orthopedics 2012;35:735–6
- Orchard TS, Pan X, Cheek F, et al. A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acids and osteoporosis. Br J Nutr 2012;107(Suppl 2):S253–S60
- Costa-Rodrigues J, Reis S, Teixeira S, et al. Dose-dependent inhibitory effects of proton pump inhibitors on human osteoclastic and osteoblastic cell activity. FEBS J 2013;280:5052–64
- Kruger MC, Horrobin DF. Calcium metabolism, osteoporosis and essential fatty acids: a review. Prog Lipid Res 1997;36:131–51
- Griel AE, Kris-Etherton PM, Hilpert KF, et al. An increase in dietary n-3 fatty acids decreases a marker of bone resorption in humans. Nutr J 2007;6:2
- Salari P, Rezaie A, Larijani B, et al. A systematic review of the impact of n-3 fatty acids in bone health and osteoporosis. Med Sci Monit 2008;14:RA37–44
- Luchtman DW, Song C. Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from child-hood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology 2013;64:550–65
- Chowdhury R, Stevens S, Gorman D, et al. Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;345:e6698
- Fenton JI, Hord NG, Ghosh S, et al. Immunomodulation by dietary long chain omega-3 fatty acids and the potential for adverse health outcomes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013;89:379–90
- Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W. New dietary reference intakes for macronutrients and fibre. Can Fam Physician 2006;52:177–9
- Burdge GC, Wootton SA. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women. Br J Nutr 2002;88:411–20
- Maehre HK, Jensen IJ, Elvevoll EO, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases: effects, mechanisms and dietary relevance. Int J Molec Sci 2015;16:22636–61
- Peet M, Stokes C. Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Drugs 2005;65:1051–9
- Ganesan B, Brothersen C, McMahon DJ. Fortification of foods with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014;54:98–114