Lichen sclerosus of the vulva

References

• Smith YR, Haefner HK. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: pathophysiology and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(2):105–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugliese JM, Morey AF, Peterson AC. Lichen sclerosus: review of the literature and current recommendations for management. J Urol. 2007;178(6):2268–2276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosis: an update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14:27–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krapf JM, Mitchell L, Holton MA, et al. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health. 2020;12:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein AT, Marinoff SC, Christopher K, et al. Prevalence of vulvar lichen sclerosis in a general gynecology practice. J Reprod Med. 2005;50:477–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair PA. Vulvar lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. J Midlife Health. 2017;8(2):55–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyama N, Chan I, Neill SM, et al. Autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus. Lancet. 2003;362(9378):118–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halonen P, Jakobsson M, Heikinheimo O, et al. Lichen sclerosus and risk of cancer. Int J Cancer. 2017;140(9):1998–2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birenbaum DL, Young DR. High prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with lichen sclerosus. J Rep Med. 2007;52:28–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micheletti L, Preti M, Radici G, et al. Vulvar lichen sclerosus and neoplastic transformation: a retrospective study of 976 cases. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2016;20(2):180–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Bradford J, Fischer G. Long-term management of adult vulvar lichen sclerosus. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(10):1061–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haefner HK, Aldrich NZ, Dalton VK, et al. The impact of vulvar lichen sclerosus on sexual dysfunction. J Women’s Health. 2014;23(9):765–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Ghatage P. Etiology, clinical features and diagnosis of vulvar lichen sclerosis: a scoping review. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2020;2020:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fistarol SK, Itin PH. Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14(1):27–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehbe-Alamah H, Kornblau BL, Haderer J, et al. Silent no more! the lived experiences of women with lichen sclerosis. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2012;24(8):499–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Cranenburgh OD, Nijland SBW, Lindeboom R, et al. Patients with lichen sclerosus experience moderate satisfaction with treatment and impairment of quality of life: results of a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(6):1508–1515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (53) Longinotti M, Schieffer Y, Kaufman RH. Lichen sclerosus involving the vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(5):1217–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zendell K, Edwards L. Lichen sclerosus with vaginal involvement. A report of 2 cases and review of the literature. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(10):1199–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi CC, Kirtschig G, Baldo M, et al. Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;12:CD008240.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy S, MacEoin N, Oʼdriscoll M, et al. Should we always biopsy in clinically evident lichen sclerosus? J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2019;23(2):182–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter A, Kryvosheyeva Y, Terras S, et al. Association of autoimmune diseases with lichen sclerosus in 532 male and female patients. Acta Derm Venerol. 2013;93(2):238–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-López FR, Vieira-Baptista P. Lichen sclerosus in women: a review. Climacteric. 2017;20(4):339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell JJ, Wojnarowska F. Lichen sclerosus. Lancet. 1999;353(9166):1777–1783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preti M, Micheletti L, Privitera S, et al. Vulvar lichen planus: a risk factor for vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion recurrence? J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2018;22(3):264–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regauer S, Eberz B, Reich O. Human papillomavirus-induced squamous intraepithelial lesions in vulvar lichen planus. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2016;20(4):360–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang MP, Reutter J, Papalas JA, et al. Vulvar inflammatory dermatoses: an update and review. Am J Dermatopathol. 2014;36(9):689–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day T, Otton G, Jaaback K, et al. Is vulvovaginal lichen planus associated with squamous cell carcinoma? J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2018;22(2):159–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walkden V, Chia Y, Wojnarowska F. The association of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva and lichen sclerosus: implications for management and follow up. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;17(6):551–553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin A, Day J, Ius Y, et al. Anogenital high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion comorbid with vulvar lichen Sclerosus and Lichen Planus. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2020;24(3):311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neill S, Lewis F, Tatnall F, et al. British association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(4):672–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox NH, Eedy DJ, Morton CA. Guidelines guidelines for management of Bowen's disease: 2006 update. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(1):11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis FM, Tatnall FM, Velangi SS, et al. British association of dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2018. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(4):823–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funaro D, Lovett A, Leroux N, et al. A double-blind, randomized prospective study evaluating topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% versus topical tacrolimus 0.1% in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(1):84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreassi M, Bilenchi R. Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of genital lichen sclerosus. Expert Rev Derm. 2013;8(5):443–450.
   Google Scholar
• Kirsky G, Becker K, Gunthert A, et al. Evidence based (S3) guidelines on (anogenital) lichen sclerosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:e1–e43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonart T, Lahaye M, Simonart J-M. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: effect of maintenance treatment with a moisturizer on the course of the disease. Menopause. 2008;15(1):74–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-López FR, Ceausu I, Depypere H, et al. EMAS clinical guide: vulvar lichen sclerosis in peri and postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2013;74(3):279–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Antonio A, Bellavista S, Negosanti F, et al. Dermasilk briefs in vulvar lichen sclerosis: an adjuvant tool. J Low Tract Dis. 2011;15:87–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terras S, Gambichler T, Moritz RK, et al. UV-A1 phototherapy vs clobetasol propionate, 0.05%, in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(6):621–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozog DM, Rkein AM, Fabi SG, et al. Photodynamic therapy: a clinical consensus guide. Dermatol Surg. 2016;42(7):804–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prodromidou A, Chatziioannou E, Daskalakis G, et al. Photodynamic therapy for vulvar lichen sclerosus-a systematic review. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2018;22(1):58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein I. Dorsal slit surgery for clitoral phimosis. J Sex Med. 2008;5(11):2485–2488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein A. Perineoplasty and vaginal advancement flap for vulvar granuloma fissuratum. J Sex Med. 2011;8(11):2984–2987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy CM, Dewdney S, Galask RP. Vulvar granuloma fissuratum: a description of fissuring of the posterior fourchette and the repair. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(5 Pt 1):1018–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King M, Rubin R, Goldstein AT. Current uses of surgery in the treatment of genital pain. Curr Sex Health Rep. 2014;6(4):252–258.
   Google Scholar
• Flynn A, King M, Rieff M, et al. Patient satisfaction of surgical treatment of clitoral phimosis and labial adhesions caused by lichen sclerosus. Sex Med. 2015;3(4):251–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson JG, Ibrahim SF, Mercurio MG. Recalcitrant vulvar lichen sclerosus treated with erbium YAG laser. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155(2):254–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein AT, King M, Runels C, et al. Intradermal injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(1):158–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedesco M, Pranteda G, Chichierchia G, et al. The use of PRP (platelet-rich plasma) in patients affected by genital lichen sclerosus: clinical analysis and results. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(2):e58–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan L, Xie Z, Wang H, et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva. Int J Gyn Obstet. 2010;109(2):167–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford J, Fischer G. Long-term management of vulval lichen sclerosus in adult women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;50(2):148–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick LE, Steuer AB, Bieber AK, et al. Lichen sclerosus among women in the United States. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2020;6(4):260–272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar