Impact of progesterone on the gastrointestinal tract: a comprehensive literature review

References

• Gonenne J, Esfandyari T, Camilleri M, et al. Effect of female sex hormone supplementation and withdrawal on gastrointestinal and colonic transit in postmenopausal women. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18(10):911–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos JF, Americo MF, Sinzato YK, et al. Role of sex hormones in gastrointestinal motility in pregnant and non-pregnant rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(25):5761–5768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CY, Chen LB, Liu PY, et al. Effects of progesterone on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in male rats. WJG. 2002;8(2):338–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao ZL, Biancani P, Behar J. Effects of progesterone on motility and prostaglandin levels in the distal guinea pig Colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;297(5):886–893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CP, Ling C, Biancani P, et al. Effect of progesterone on colonic motility and fecal output in mice with diarrhea. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;24(4):392–e174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen TS, Doong ML, Chang FY, et al. Effects of sex steroid hormones on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats. Am J Physiol. 1995;268:171–176.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan IM, Feltrin KL, Nair NS, et al. Effects of the phases of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying, glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, and energy intake in healthy lean women. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;297(3):602–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz M, Maddern GJ, Chatterton BE, et al. The normal menstrual cycle has no effect on gastric emptying. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92(7):743–746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turnbull GK, Thompson DG, Day S, et al. Relationships between symptoms, menstrual cycle and orocaecal transit in normal and constipated women. Gut. 1989;30(1):30–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan JP, Bhojwani A. Colonic transit in rats: effect of ovariectomy, sex steroid hormones, and pregnancy. Am J Physiol. 1986;251:46–50.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce LA, Behsudi FM. Differential inhibition of regional gastrointestinal tissue to progesterone in the rat. Life Sci. 1980;27(5):427–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu JJ, Kim CH, O’Connor MK, et al. Effect of menstrual cycle on esophageal emptying of liquid and solid boluses. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68(8):753–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill RC, Murphy PD, Hooper HR, et al. Effect of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying. Digestion. 1987;36(3):168–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Nathan L, Singh R, et al. E2 and not P4 increases NO release from NANC nerves of the gastrointestinal tract: implications in pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;280(5):1546–1554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald A, Van Thiel DH, Hoechstetter L, et al. Gastrointestinal transit: the effect of the menstrual cycle. Gastroenterology. 1981;80(6):1497–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degen LP, Phillips SF. Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men. Gut. 1996;39(2):299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce LA, Behsudi FM. Progesterone effects on three regional gastrointestinal tissues. Life Sci. 1979;25(9):729–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce LA, Behsudi FM, Danhof IE. Smooth muscle mechanical responses in vitro to bethanechol after progesterone in male rat. Am J Physiol. 1978;235(4):422–428.
   Google Scholar
• Verrengia M, Sachdeva P, Gaughan J, et al. Variation of symptoms during the menstrual cycle in female patients with gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23(7):625–e254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballero-Plasencia AM, Valenzuela-Barranco M, Martín-Ruiz JL, et al. Are there changes in gastric emptying during the menstrual cycle? Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;34(8):772–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monés J, Carrió I, Calabuig R, et al. Influence of the menstrual cycle and of menopause on the gastric emptying rate of solids in female volunteers. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20(7):600–602.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li TJ, Yu BP, Dong WG, et al. Ovarian hormone modulates 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors mRNA expression in rat Colon with restraint stress-induced bowel dysfunction. WJG. 2004;10(18):2723–2726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias JR, Clench MH. Relationship of reproductive hormones and neuromuscular disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis. 1998;16(1):3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black HE. The effects of steroids upon the gastrointestinal tract. Toxicol Pathol. 1988;16(2):213–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliakim R, Abulafia O, Sherer DM. Estrogen, progesterone and the gastrointestinal tract. J Reprod Med. 2000;45(10):781–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zia JK, Heitkemper MM. Upper gastrointestinal tract motility disorders in women, gastroparesis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2016;45(2):239–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SM, Nam CM, Kim YN, et al. The effect of the menstrual cycle on inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Gut Liver. 2013;7(1):51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borekci B, Cadirci E, Albayrak A, et al. Effects of progesterone on FSH-stimulated indomethacin ulcers in rats. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(5):1899–1903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saqui-Salces M, Rocha-Gutiérrez BL, Barrios-Payán JA, et al. Effects of estradiol and progesterone on gastric mucosal response to early Helicobacter pylori infection in female gerbils. Helicobacter. 2006;11(2):123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher RS, Roberts GS, Grabowski CJ, et al. Inhibition of lower esophageal sphincter circular muscle by female sex hormones. Am J Physiol. 1978;234(3):243–247.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Sánchez A, Rey E, Achem SR, et al. Does progesterone fluctuation across the menstrual cycle predispose to gastroesophageal reflux? J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(6):1468–1471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson JL, III, Richter JE, Johns DN, et al. Esophageal contraction pressures are not affected by normal menstrual cycles. Gastroenterology. 1984;87:876–871.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Thiel DH, Gavaler JS, Stremple JF. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;134(1):64–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozé C. Régulation de la motricité oesophagienne et gastrique. Aspects physiologiques et pharmacologiques récents. [control of esophageal and gastric motility. Recent physiological and pharmacological aspects]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1980;4(6–7):486–496. French.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan JP, Pellecchia D. Effect of ovarian hormone pretreatment on gallbladder motility in vitro. Life Sci. 1982;31(14):1445–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson GT, McKinley C, Lawson M, et al. Gallbladder function in the human female: effect of the ovulatory cycle, pregnancy, and contraceptive steroids. Gastroenterology. 1982;82(4):711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzio L. Factors affecting gallbladder motility: drugs. Dig Liver Dis. 2003;35(3):17–19.
   Google Scholar
• Okonkwo O, Zezoff D, Adeyinka A. Biochemistry, Cholecystokinin. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls (Internet); 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Clarrett DM, Hachem C. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Mo Med. 2018;115(3):214–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schjoldager BT. Role of CCK in gallbladder function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994;713:207–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhu V, Shivani A. An overview of history, pathogenesis and treatment of perforated peptic ulcer disease with evaluation of prognostic scoring in adults. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(1):22–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shahram N, Teimourian S. An overview of inflammatory bowel disease: general consideration and genetic screening approach in diagnosis of early onset subsets. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2017;9(2):69–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Everson GT. Gastrointestinal motility in pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1992;21(4):751–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellström PM, Grybäck P, Jacobsson H. The physiology of gastric emptying. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2006;20(3):397–407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saqui-Salces M, Neri-Gomez T, Gamboa-Dominguez A, et al. Estrogen and progesterone receptor isoforms expression in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(37):5701–5706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori H, Suzuki H, Matsuzaki J, et al. Gender difference of gastric emptying in healthy volunteers and patients with functional dyspepsia. Digestion. 2017;95(1):72–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutson WE, Roehrkasse RL, Wald A. Influence of gender and menopause on gastric emptying and motility. Gastroenterology. 1989;96(1):11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Z, Loganathan P, Sarosiek I, et al. Gender-related differences in gastroparesis. Am J Med Sci. 2020;360(5):474–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marugo M, Molinari F, Fazzuoli L, et al. Estradiol and progesterone receptors in normal and pathologic colonic mucosa in humans. J Endocrinol Invest. 1985;8(2):117–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron TH, Ramirez B, Richter JE. Gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(5):366–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline LW, Karpinski E. Progesterone inhibits gallbladder motility through multiple signaling pathways. Steroids. 2005;70(9):673–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1):1–173.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan JP, Pellecchia D. Effect of progesterone pretreatment on guinea pig gallbladder motility in vitro. Gastroenterology. 1982;83(1 Pt 1):81–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline L, Karpinski E. A comparison of the effects of various sex steroids on cholecystokinin- and KCl-induced tension in female guinea pig gallbladder strips. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2013;185:37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, et al. Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2014;63(6):871–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malfertheiner SF, Malfertheiner MV, Kropf S, et al. A prospective longitudinal cohort study: evolution of GERD symptoms during the course of pregnancy. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter JE. Gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2003;32(1):235–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguwa CN. Effects of exogenous administration of female sex hormones on gastric secretion and ulcer formation in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1984;104(1–2):79–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machowska A, Szlachcic A, Pawlik M, et al. The role of female and male sex hormones in the healing process of preexisting lingual and gastric ulcerations. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;55(2):91–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, et al. Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2005;54(5):710–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar