A disease of her own? Unique features of heart failure in women

References

• Heidenreich PA, Albert NM, Allen LA, et al. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American heart association. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6(3):606–619. doi: 10.1161/HHF.0b013e318291329a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, et al. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(4 Suppl A):6A–13A. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90455-a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson SL, Tong X, King RJ, et al. National burden of heart failure events in the United States, 2006 to 2014. Circ Heart Fail. 2018;11(12):e004873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146–603–e603. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber Y, Weston SA, Redfield MM, et al. A contemporary appraisal of the heart failure epidemic in olmsted county, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;75(6):996–1004. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0924.
   Google Scholar
• Stolfo D, Uijl A, Vedin O, et al. Sex-based differences in heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum: phenotyping, and prognostic and therapeutic implications. JACC Heart Fail. 2019;7(6):505–515. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceia F, Fonseca C, Mota T, et al. Prevalence of chronic heart failure in southwestern Europe: the EPICA study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4(4):531–539. doi: 10.1016/s1388-9842(02)00034-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone D, Limacher M, Rousseau M, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Am J Cardiol. 1992;70(9):894–900. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90734-g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau ES, Cunningham T, Hardin KM, et al. Sex differences in cardiometabolic traits and determinants of exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(1):30–37. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beale AL, Nanayakkara S, Segan L, et al. Sex differences in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction pathophysiology: a detailed invasive hemodynamic and echocardiographic analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2019;7(3):239–249. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra A, Vaduganathan M, Lewis EF, et al. Health-related quality of life in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the PARAGON-HF trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2019;7(10):862–874. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.05.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewan P, Rørth R, Jhund PS, et al. Differential impact of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction on men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(1):29–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savji N, Meijers WC, Bartz TM, et al. The association of obesity and cardiometabolic traits with incident HFpEF and HFrEF. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6(8):701–709. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, et al. Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(7):996–1002. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.7.996.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wenger NK, Arnold A, Bairey Merz CN, et al. Hypertension across a woman’s life cycle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(16):1797–1813. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA. 1996;275(20):1557–1562. doi: 10.1001/jama.1996.03530440037034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama S, Fujihara K, Horikawa C, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of new‐onset and recurrent heart failure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(5):2146–2174. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP. Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: the framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 1974;34(1):29–34. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(74)90089-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gori M, Lam CSP, Gupta DK, et al. Sex-specific cardiovascular structure and function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(5):535–542. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam CSP, Carson PE, Anand IS, et al. Sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: the Irbesartan in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (I-PRESERVE) trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5(5):571–578. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.970061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Núñez J, Lorenzo M, Miñana G, et al. Sex differences on new-onset heart failure in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(15):1711–1719. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Khoudary SR, Aggarwal B, Beckie TM, et al. Menopause transition and cardiovascular disease risk: implications for timing of early prevention: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2020;142(25):e506–e532. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honigberg MC, Zekavat SM, Aragam K, et al. Association of premature natural and surgical menopause with incident cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2019;322(24):2411–2421. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.19191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebong IA, Watson KE, Goff DC, et al. Age at menopause and incident heart failure: the Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Menopause. 2014;21(6):585–591. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman I, Åkesson A, Wolk A. Relationship between age at natural menopause and risk of heart failure. Menopause. 2015;22(1):12–16. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin J, Han K, Jung JH, et al. Age at menopause and risk of heart failure and atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):4148–4157. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA. 2007;297(13):1465–1477. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.13.1465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the women’s health initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2013;310(13):1353–1368. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Klein L, Eaton C, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and risks of first hospitalized heart failure and its subtypes during the intervention and extended postintervention follow-up of the women’s health initiative randomized trials. J Card Fail. 2020;26(1):2–12. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone TherapyHeart and estrogen/progestin replacement study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA. 2002;288(1):49–57. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.1.49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenfeld J, Ghali JK, Krause-Steinrauf HJ, et al. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved survival in women with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(7):1238–1245. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00938-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolte D, Khera S, Aronow WS, et al. Temporal trends in incidence and outcomes of peripartum cardiomyopathy in the United States: a nationwide population-based study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(3):e001056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson EP, Croen LA, Chiang V, et al. Epidemiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy: incidence, predictors, and outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(3):583–591. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318229e6de.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MB, Arany Z, McNamara DM, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: JACC state-of-the-Art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(2):207–221. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loyaga-Rendon RY, Pamboukian SV, Tallaj JA, et al. Outcomes of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy who received mechanical circulatory support. Data from the interagency registry for mechanically assisted circulatory support. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(2):300–309. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara DM, Elkayam U, Alharethi R, et al. Clinical outcomes for peripartum cardiomyopathy in North America: results of the IPAC study (investigations of Pregnancy-Associated cardiomyopathy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(8):905–914. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fett JD, Shah TP, McNamara DM. Why do some recovered peripartum cardiomyopathy mothers experience heart failure with a subsequent pregnancy? Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2015;17(1):354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen AL, Søndergaard MM, Hlatky MA, et al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and incident heart failure in the women’s health initiative. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2138071. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu P, Haththotuwa R, Kwok CS, et al. Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(2):e003497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D, Stout MJ, Rosenbloom JI, et al. Preeclampsia predicts risk of hospitalization for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(23):2281–2290. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.1360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Qadir H, Austin PC, Lee DS, et al. A Population-Based study of cardiovascular mortality following Early-Stage breast cancer. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(1):88–93. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.3841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum JL, Flynn PJ, Yothers G, et al. Anthracyclines in early breast cancer: the ABC Trials-USOR 06-090, NSABP B-46-I/USOR 07132, and NSABP B-49 (NRG oncology). J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(23):2647–2655. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.71.4147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drafts BC, Twomley KM, D’Agostino R, et al. Low to moderate dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy is associated with early noninvasive imaging evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(8):877–885. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.11.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles EJA, Wellman R, Feigelson HS, et al. Risk of heart failure in breast cancer patients after anthracycline and trastuzumab treatment: a retrospective cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(17):1293–1305. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djs317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen J, Long JB, Hurria A, et al. Incidence of heart failure or cardiomyopathy after adjuvant trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(24):2504–2512. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosrow-Khavar F, Filion KB, Bouganim N, et al. Aromatase inhibitors and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in women with breast cancer: a population-based cohort study. Circulation. 2020;141(7):549–559. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews AA, Hinton SP, Stanway S, et al. Endocrine therapy use and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Heart. 2021;107(16):1327–1335. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouridsen H, Keshaviah A, Coates AS, et al. Cardiovascular adverse events during adjuvant endocrine therapy for early breast cancer using letrozole or tamoxifen: safety analysis of BIG 1-98 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;Dec 20;25(36):5715–5722. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates AS, Keshaviah A, Thürlimann B, et al. Five years of letrozole compared with tamoxifen as initial adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: update of study BIG 1-98. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(5):486–492. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451–1461. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, et al. Angiotensin-Neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(17):1609–1620. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahhan AS, Vaduganathan M, Greene SJ, et al. Enrollment of older patients, women, and racial and ethnic minorities in contemporary heart failure clinical trials: a systematic review. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(10):1011–1019. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenfeld J, Krause-Steinrauf H, Salerno J. Where are all the women with heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(6):1417–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol heart failure study group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(21):1349–1355. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199605233342101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in-Congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). The Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001–2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. The Lancet. 1999;353(9146):9–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghali JK, Piña IL, Gottlieb SS, et al. Metoprolol CR/XL in female patients with heart failure: analysis of the experience in metoprolol Extended-Release randomized intervention trial in heart failure (MERIT-HF). Circulation. 2002;105(13):1585–1591. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000012546.20194.33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon T, Mary-Krause M, Funck-Brentano C, et al. Sex differences in the prognosis of congestive heart failure: results from the cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS II). Circulation. 2001;103(3):375–380. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.3.375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyhan G, Chen SF, Pilote L. The effectiveness of β-blockers in women with congestive heart failure. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(7):955–961. doi: 10.1007/s11606-007-0197-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized aldactone evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):709–717. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199909023411001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zannad F, McMurray JJV, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(1):11–21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1309–1321. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Assmann SF, et al. Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1383–1392. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1313731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill M, Sweitzer NK, Lindenfeld J, et al. Sex differences in outcomes and responses to spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a secondary analysis of TOPCAT trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2019;7(3):228–238. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittleson MM, Panjrath GS, Amancherla K, et al. 2023 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a report of the American college of cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(18):1835–1878. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(11):993–1004. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1409077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JJV, Jackson AM, Lam CSP, et al. Effects of Sacubitril-Valsartan versus valsartan in women compared with men with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: insights from PARAGON-HF. Circulation. 2020;141(5):338–351. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M, L Claggett B, et al. Sacubitril/valsartan across the spectrum of ejection fraction in heart failure. Circulation. 2020;141(5):352–361. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JJV, DeMets DL, Inzucchi SE, et al. A trial to evaluate the effect of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (DAPA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(5):665–675. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Empagliflozin in patients with heart failure, reduced ejection fraction, and volume overload: EMPEROR-Reduced trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(11):1381–1392. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, et al. Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(12):1089–1098. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon SD, de Boer RA, DeMets D, et al. Dapagliflozin in heart failure with preserved and mildly reduced ejection fraction: rationale and design of the DELIVER trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(7):1217–1225. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. New Eng J Med. 1987;316(23):1429–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the Angiotensin-Receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(23):1667–1675. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostergren JB. Angiotensin receptor blockade with candesartan in heart failure: findings from the candesartan in heart failure–assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. J Hypertens Suppl. 2006;24(1):S3–S7. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000220400.08128.fa.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hudson M, Rahme E, Behlouli H, et al. Sex differences in the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure–a population study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9(6–7):602–609. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AL, Lindenfeld J, Ziesche S, et al. Outcomes by gender in the African-American heart failure trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(11):2263–2267. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(20):2049–2057. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhruva SS, Bero LA, Redberg RF. Gender bias in studies for food and drug administration premarket approval of cardiovascular devices. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4(2):165–171. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.958215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zusterzeel R, Selzman KA, Sanders WE, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in women: US food and drug administration meta-analysis of patient-level data. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(8):1340–1348. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyva F, Qiu T, Zegard A, et al. Sex‐specific differences in survival and heart failure hospitalization after cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without defibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(22):e013485. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor RS, Walker S, Ciani O, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for chronic heart failure: the EXTRAMATCH II individual participant data meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2019;23(25):1–98. doi: 10.3310/hta23250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heran BS, Chen JM, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD001800. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drozda J, Messer JV, Spertus J, et al. ACCF/AHA/AMA-PCPI 2011 performance measures for adults with coronary artery disease and hypertension: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation/American heart association task force on performance measures and the American medical Association-Physician consortium for performance improvement. Circulation. 2011;124(2):248–270. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31821d9ef2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(14):1439–1450. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar