2,608
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Use of MHT in women with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 93-103 | Received 05 Jul 2023, Accepted 10 Oct 2023, Published online: 07 Nov 2023

References

  • Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, et al. The lancet women and cardiovascular disease commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2385–2438. 19doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00684-X.
  • Nappi RE, Chedraui P, Lambrinoudaki I, et al. Menopause: a cardiometabolic transition. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(6):442–456. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00076-6.
  • Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):531–539. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8063.
  • Gartoulla P, Worsley R, Bell RJ, et al. Moderate to severe vasomotor and sexual symptoms remain problematic for women aged 60 to 65 years. Menopause. 2015;22(7):694–701. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000383.
  • Franco OH, Muka T, Colpani V, et al. Vasomotor symptoms in women and cardiovascular risk markers: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2015;81(3):353–361. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.04.016.
  • MacLennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, et al. Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;2004Issue(4):CD002978. Art. No.: CD002978. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002978.pub2.
  • Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A, IMS Writing Group. 2016 IMS recommendations on women’s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):109–150. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166.
  • The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022;29(7):767–794.
  • Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, et al. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(11):3975–4011. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-2236.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Menopause. 2015. NG23. [cited 2016 Aug 26]. https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/NG23
  • Kaemmle LM, Stadler A, Janka H, et al. The impact of micronized progesterone on cardiovascular events – a systematic review. Climacteric. 2022;25(4):327–336. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2021.2022644.
  • Nudy M, Chinchilli VM, Foy AJ. A systematic review and meta-regression analysis to examine the ‘timing hypothesis’ of hormone replacement therapy on mortality, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2019;22:123–131. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.01.001.
  • Cho L, Kaunitz AM, Faubion SS, et al. Rethinking menopausal hormone therapy: for whom, what, when, and how long? Circulation. 2023;147(7):597–610. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061559.
  • Gersh FL, O’Keefe JH, Lavie CJ. Postmenopausal hormone therapy for cardiovascular health: the evolving data. Heart. 2021;107(14):1115–1122. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316323.
  • Boardman HMP, Hartley L, Eisinga A, et al. Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(3):CD002229. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4.
  • Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.
  • Blumel JE, Castelo-Branco C, Leal T, et al. Effects of transdermal estrogens on endothelial function in postmenopausal women with coronary disease. Climacteric. 2003;6(1):38–44. doi: 10.1080/cmt.6.1.38.44.
  • Byington RP, Furberg CD, Herrington DM, et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on progression of carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with heart disease: HERS B-mode substudy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(10):1692–1697. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.0000033514.79653.04.
  • Cherry N, Gilmour K, Hannaford P, et al. Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9350):2001–2008.
  • Clarke SC, Kelleher J, Lloyd-Jones H, et al. A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease: the Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study. BJOG. 2002;109(9):1056–1062. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01544.x.
  • Collins P, Flather M, Lees B, et al. Randomized trial of effects of continuous combined HRT on markers of lipids and coagulation in women with acute coronary syndromes: WHISP pilot study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(17):2046–2053. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl183.
  • Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA. 2002;288(1):49–57. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.1.49.
  • Hall G, Pripp U, Schenck-Gustafsson K, et al. Longterm effects of hormone replacement therapy on symptoms of angina pectoris, quality of life and compliance in women with coronary artery disease. Maturitas. 1998;28(3):235–242. doi: 10.1016/s0378-5122(97)00080-7.
  • Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(8):522–529. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200008243430801.
  • Herrington DM, Werbel BL, Riley WA, et al. Individual and combined effects of estrogen/progestin therapy and lovastatin on lipids and flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(7):2030–2037. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00128-x.
  • Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Azen SP, et al. Hormone therapy and the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(6):535–545. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030830.
  • Howard BV, Hsia J, Ouyang P, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy is associated with atherosclerosis progression in women with abnormal glucose tolerance. Circulation. 2004;110(2):201–206. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134955.93951.D5.
  • Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998;280(7):605–613. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.7.605.
  • Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(1):1–9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00005.
  • Khan MA, Hlatky MA, Liu MW, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on coronary heart disease events after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(8):989–991, A7. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00121-8.
  • Lamon-Fava S, Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, et al. Changes in remnant and high-density lipoproteins associated with hormone therapy and progression of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(1):325–330. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.12.020.
  • Os I, Hofstad AE, Brekke M, et al. The EWA (estrogen in women with atherosclerosis) study: a randomized study of the use of hormone replacement therapy in women with angiographically verified coronary artery disease. Characteristics of the study population. Effects ON lipids and lipoproteins. J Intern Med. 2000;247(4):433–441. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00675.x.
  • Os I, Os A, Abdelnoor M, et al. Insulin sensitivity in women with coronary heart disease during hormone replacement therapy. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14(2):137–145. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2005.14.137.
  • Ouyang P, Tardif J-C, Herrington DM, et al. Randomized trial of hormone therapy in women after coronary bypass surgery. Evidence of differential effect of hormone therapy on angiographic progression of disease in saphenous vein grafts and native coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189(2):375–386. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.015.
  • Pripp U, Hall G, Csemiczky G, et al. A randomized trial on effects of hormone therapy on ambulatory blood pressure and lipoprotein levels in women with coronary artery disease. J Hypertens. 1999;17(10):1379–1386. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199917100-00004.
  • Sbarouni E, Kyriakides ZS, Kremastinos DTH. The effect of hormone replacement therapy alone and in combination with simvastatin on plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(5):1244–1250. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00413-00416.
  • Simon JA, Hsia J, Cauley JA, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of stroke: the Heart and Estrogen-progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation. 2001;103(5):638–642. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.5.638.
  • Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Kernan WN, et al. A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(17):1243–1249. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010534.
  • Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2432–2440. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.19.2432.
  • Cherry N, McNamee R, Heagerty A, et al. Long-term safety of unopposed estrogen used by women surviving myocardial infarction: 14-year follow-up of the ESPRIT randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2014;121(6):700–705; discussion 705. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12598.
  • Heckbert SR, Kaplan RC, Weiss NS, et al. Risk of recurrent coronary events in relation to use and recent initiation of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(14):1709–1713. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.14.1709.
  • Khan MA, Liu MW, Singh D, et al. Long-term (three years) effect of estrogen replacement therapy on major adverse cardiac events in postmenopausal women after intracoronary stenting. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(3):330–333. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)00926-7.
  • O’Brien JE, Peterson ED, Keeler GP, et al. Relation between estrogen replacement therapy and restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28(5):1111–1118. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00306-3.
  • Parsons E, Newby LK, Bhapkar MV, et al. Postmenopausal hormone use in women with acute coronary syndromes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004;13(8):863–871. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2004.13.863.
  • Sullivan JM, El-Zeky F, Zwaag RV, et al. Effect on survival of estrogen replacement therapy after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(7):847–850. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00001-5.
  • Higgins JT, Chandler J, Cumpston M, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane. 2022. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
  • Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Non-Randomized Studies in Meta-Analysis. 2000.
  • Kim JE, Chang JH, Jeong MJ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of menopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20631. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77534-9.
  • Bretler D-M, Hansen PR, Sørensen R, et al. Discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy after myocardial infarction and short term risk of adverse cardiovascular events: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2012;344(mar27 1):e1802–e1802. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e1802.
  • Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(6):523–534. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030808.
  • Herrington DM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al. Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study (HERS). Circulation. 2002;105(25):2962–2967. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000019406.74017.b2.
  • Collins P, Mosca L, Geiger MJ, et al. Effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene on coronary outcomes in the raloxifene use for the heart trial: results of subgroup analyses by age and other factors. Circulation. 2009;119(7):922–930. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.817577.
  • Oliver-Williams C, Glisic M, Shahzad S, et al. The route of administration, timing, duration and dose of postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular outcomes in women: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25(2):257–271. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmy039.
  • Mueck AO. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: the value of transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone. Climacteric. 2012;15 Suppl 1:11–17. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2012.669624.
  • Bezwada P, Shaikh A, Misra D. The effect of transdermal estrogen patch use on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2017;26(12):1319–1325. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6151.
  • Nie G, Yang X, Wang Y, et al. The effects of menopause hormone therapy on lipid profile in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis [systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:850815. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.850815.
  • Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Henderson VW, et al. Vascular effects of early versus late postmenopausal treatment with estradiol. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(13):1221–1231. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1505241.
  • Wild RA, Larson JC, Crandall CJ, et al. Hormone therapy formulation, dose, route of delivery, and risk of hypertension: findings from the women’s health initiative observational study (WHI-OS). Menopause. 2021;28(10):1108–1116. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001828.
  • Madika A-L, MacDonald CJ, Fournier A, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of incident hypertension: role of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens in the E3N cohort. Menopause. 2021;28(11):1204–1208. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001839.
  • Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the women’s health initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2013;310(13):1353–1368. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278040.
  • Thakkar A, Agarwala A, Michos ED. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women: Closing the gap. Eur Cardiol. 2021;16:e41. doi: 10.15420/ecr.2021.24.
  • The 2023 nonhormone therapy position statement of the North American menopause society. Menopause. 2023;30(6):573–590.