Pregnancy-associated risk factors for future cardiovascular disease – early prevention strategies warranted

References

• Rosano GMC, Spoletini I, Vitale C. Cardiovascular disease in women, is it different to men? The role of sex hormones. Climacteric. 2017;20(2):125–128. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1291780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okoth K, Chandan JS, Marshall T, et al. Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascular disease in later life: umbrella review. BMJ. 2020;371:m3502. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Kelly AC, Michos ED, Shufelt CL, et al. Pregnancy and reproductive risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. Circ Res. 2022;130(4):652–672. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuenkel CA. Do we have new preventive strategies for optimizing cardiovascular health in women? Climacteric. 2019;22(2):133–139. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1561665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227–3337. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong ND, Budoff MJ, Ferdinand K, et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment: an American Society for Preventive Cardiology clinical practice statement. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;10:100335. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abalos E, Cuesta C, Grosso AL, et al. Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;170(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaaja R, Kinnunen T, Luoto R. Regional differences in the prevalence of pre-eclampsia in relation to the risk factors for coronary artery disease in women in Finland. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(1):44–50. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garovic VD, White WM, Vaughan L, et al. Incidence and long-term outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2323–2334. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, et al. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335(7627):974. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.BE.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benschop L, Duvekot JJ, Roeters van Lennep JE. Future risk of cardiovascular disease risk factors and events in women after a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Heart. 2019;105(16):1273–1278. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu P, Haththotuwa R, Kwok CS, et al. Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10:e003497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen JH, Basit S, Wohlfahrt J, et al. Pre-eclampsia and risk of later kidney disease: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2019;365:l1516. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l1516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Venetkoski M, Joensuu J, Gissler M, et al. Pre-eclampsia and cardiovascular risk: a long-term nationwide cohort study on over 120 000 Finnish women. BMJ Open. 2022;12(12):e064736. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley BS, Harreiter J, Damm P, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus in Europe: prevalence, current screening practice and barriers to screening. A review. Diabet Med. 2012;29(7):844–854. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03541.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer CK, Campbell S, Retnakaran R. Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2019;62(6):905–914. doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4840-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colella M, Frérot A, Novais ARB, et al. Neonatal and long-term consequences of fetal growth restriction. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2018;14(4):212–218. doi: 10.2174/1573396314666180712114531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pell JP, Smith GC, Walsh D. Pregnancy complications and subsequent maternal cerebrovascular events: a retrospective cohort study of 119,668 births. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(4):336–342. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonamy AK, Parikh NI, Cnattingius S, et al. Birth characteristics and subsequent risks of maternal cardiovascular disease: effects of gestational age and fetal growth. Circulation. 2011;124(25):2839–2846. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.034884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland GM, Skurtveit S, Staff AC, et al. Pregnancy-related risk factors are associated with a significant burden of treated hypertension within 10 years of delivery: findings from a population-based Norwegian cohort. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(10):e008318. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.008318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJ, Winter PD, Osmond C, et al. Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet. 1989;2(8663):577–580. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90710-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikkanen M. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90(2):140–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01030.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts JM. Pathophysiology of ischemic placental disease. Semin Perinatol. 2014;38(3):139–145. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2014.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Ischemic placental disease: epidemiology and risk factors. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;159(1):77–82. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.07.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth CV, Hansen AV, Williams MA, et al. Cardiovascular disease in relation to placental abruption: a population-based cohort study from Denmark. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2017;31(3):209–218. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardosi J, Madurasinghe V, Williams M, et al. Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: population based study. BMJ. 2013;346(jan24 3):f108–f108. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rich-Edwards JW, Fraser A, Lawlor DA, et al. Pregnancy characteristics and women’s future cardiovascular health: an underused opportunity to improve women’s health? Epidemiol Rev. 2014;36(1):57–70. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxt006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanz LJ, Stuart JJ, Williams PL, et al. Contributions of preterm delivery to cardiovascular disease risk prediction in women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(10):1431–1439. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minissian MB, Kilpatrick S, Eastwood JA, et al. Association of spontaneous preterm delivery and future maternal cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2018;137(8):865–871. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan SS, Cameron NA, Lindley KJ. Pregnancy as an early cardiovascular moment: peripartum cardiovascular health. Circ Res. 2023;132(12):1584–1606. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.322001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opichka MA, Rappelt MW, Gutterman DD, et al. Vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Cells. 2021;10(11):3055. doi: 10.3390/cells10113055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas AHEM, Rosano G, Cifkova R, et al. Cardiovascular health after menopause transition, pregnancy disorders, and other gynaecologic conditions: a consensus document from European cardiologists, gynaecologists, and endocrinologists. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(10):967–984. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOG Committee Opinion No. 736: Optimizing postpartum care. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(5):e140–e150. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves CR, Woldemichael RM, Davis SF. Cardio-obstetrics: moving beyond programming to action. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(5):e028141. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkola TS, Gissler M, Merikukka M, et al. Sex differences in age-related cardiovascular mortality. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63347. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honigberg MC, Zekavat SM, Aragam K, et al. Association of premature natural and surgical menopause with incident cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2019;322(24):2411–2421. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.19191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shufelt C, LeVee A. Hormonal contraception in women with hypertension. JAMA. 2020;324(14):1451–1452. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.11935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, et al. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(8):CD011054. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011054.pub2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140(11):e596–e646. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi K, Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, et al. Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2021;397(10285):1625–1636. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00590-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;328(8):746–753. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.13044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bager JE, Manhem K, Andersson T, et al. Hypertension: sex-related differences in drug treatment, prevalence and blood pressure control in primary care. J Hum Hypertens. 2023;37(8):662–670. doi: 10.1038/s41371-023-00801-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849–1860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(13):1293–1304. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrono C, Baigent C. Role of aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(11):675–686. doi: 10.1038/s41569-019-0225-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson JT, Vesco KK, Senger CA, et al. Aspirin use to prevent preeclampsia and related morbidity and mortality: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2021;326(12):1192–1206. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.8551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardman HM, Hartley L, Eisinga A, et al. Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(3):CD002229. (doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and reduction of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: it is about time and timing. Cancer J. 2022;28(3):208–223. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drost JT, van der Schouw YT, Herber-Gast GC, et al. More vasomotor symptoms in menopause among women with a history of hypertensive pregnancy diseases compared with women with normotensive pregnancies. Menopause. 2013;20(10):1006–1011. doi: 10.1097/GME.0b013e3182886093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faubion SS, King A, Kattah AG, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and menopausal symptoms: a cross-sectional study from the data registry on experiences of aging, menopause, and sexuality. Menopause. 2020;28(1):25–31. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venetkoski M, Ylikorkala O, Joensuu JM, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy in prior pre-eclamptic women: a nationwide cohort study in Finland. Climacteric. 2023;26(6):571–576. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2228687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Aslanidou Vlachos HE, Derby CA, et al. Menopausal vasomotor symptoms and risk of incident cardiovascular disease events in SWAN. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e017416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza N, Ramírez I, de la Viuda E, et al. Eligibility criteria for Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): a position statement from a consortium of scientific societies for the use of MHT in women with medical conditions. MHT Eligibility Criteria Group. Maturitas. 2022;166:65–85. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1):CD004143. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodis HN, Sarrel PM. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: what is the evidence from randomized trials? Climacteric. 2018;21(6):521–528. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1514008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, et al. Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(5):476–486. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70075-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkola TS, Tuomikoski P, Lyytinen H, et al. Estradiol-based postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Menopause. 2015;22(9):976–983. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkola TS, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Venetkoski M, et al. New evidence for cardiac benefit of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2017;20(1):5–10. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2016.1262839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savolainen-Peltonen H, Tuomikoski P, Korhonen P, et al. Cardiac death risk in relation to the age at initiation or the progestin component of hormone therapies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(7):2794–2801. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-4149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar