References
- ACLED. 2019. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) Codebook, 2019.
- Adams, C., et al., 2018. Sampling bias in climate-conflict research. Nature Climate Change, 8 (3), 200–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0068-2
- Adeagbo, A., et al., 2016. Effects of natural disasters on social and economic well being: a study in Nigeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.03.006
- Armah, F.A., et al., 2010. Impact of floods on livelihoods and vulnerability of natural resource dependent communities in Northern Ghana. Water, 2 (2), 120–139. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/w2020120
- Barnett, J.W. and Adger, N., 2007. Climate change, human security and violent conflict. Political Geography, 26 (6), 639–655. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.03.003
- Bergholt, D. and Lujala, P., 2012. Climate-related natural disasters, economic growth and armed conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 49 (1), 147–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311426167
- Besley, T. and Persson, T., 2011. The logic of political violence. Quartely Journal of Economics, 126, 1411–1445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr025
- Bhavnani, R. 2006. Natural disaster conflicts. unpublished manuscript. Harvard University.
- Bhavnani, R. and Lacina, B., 2015. The effects of weather-induced migration on sons of the soil riots in India. World Politics, 67 (4), 760–794. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887115000222
- Blocker, J., Rochford, B., and Sherkat, D., 1991. Political responses to natural hazards: social movement participation following a flood disaster. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 9 (3), 367–382.
- Böhmelt, T., Kristian, V.B., and Gleditsch, S., 2019. Blame the victims? Refugees, state capacity, and non-state actor violence. Journal of Peace Research, 56 (1), 73–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318804592
- Bohnet, H., Cottier, F., and Hug, S., 2018. Conflict IDPs and the spread of conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62 (4), 691–716. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002716665209
- Braithwaite, A., Salehyan, I., and Savun, B., 2019. Refugees, forced migration, and conflict: introduction to the special issue. Journal of Peace Research, 56 (1), 5–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318814128
- Brakenridge, G.R. 2014. “Global archive of large flood events. http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Archives/index.html [Accessed 8 March 2014].
- Brozska, M., 2018. Weather extremes, disasters, and collective violence: conditions, mechanisms, and disaster-related policies in recent research. Current Climate Change Reports, 4, 320–329. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0117-y
- Brzoska, M., 2018. Weather extremes, disasters and collective violence: conditions, mechanisms and disaster-related policies in recent research. Current Climate Change Reports, 4, 320–329.
- Brzoska, M., 2019. Understanding the disaster–migration–violent conflict nexus in a warming world: the importance of international policy interventions. Social Sciences, 8 (6), 1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060167
- Brzoska, M. and Christiane, F., 2016. Climate change, migration and violent conflict: vulnerabilities, pathways and adaptation strategies. Migration and Development, 5 (2), 190–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1022973
- Carter, D.B. and Signorino, C.S., 2010. Back to the future: modeling time dependence in binary data. Political Analysis, 18 (3), 271–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq013
- CIESIN. 2005. Gridded population of the world, version 3 (GPWv3): population count grid. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC).
- Clark, W.A.V. 2007. Environmental induced migration and conflict. Externe Expertise für das WBGU-Hauptgutachten “Welt im Wandel: Sicherheitsrisiko Klimawandel”.
- Davies, R. 2014. Flood cause further misery in south sudan refugee camp. http://floodlist.com/africa/floods-bentiu-south-sudan-refugee-camp [Accessed 19 September 2014].
- Drury, J., et al., 2016. Emergent social identity and observing social support predict social support provided by survivors in a disaster: solidarity in the 2010 Chile Earthquake. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46 (2), 209–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2146
- Eastin, J., 2016. Fuel to the fire: natural disasters and the duration of civil conflict. International Interactions, 42 (2), 322–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2016.1115402
- FAO. 2008. Global administrative unit layers (GAUL). http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=12691.
- Ferris, E. 2008. Protecting darfur’s internal displaced. http://www.brookings.edu/media/events/2008/2/05 [Accessed 9 October 2013].
- Ferris, E., 2019. Climate change, migration, law and global governance. North Carolina Journal of International Law, 44 (3), 427.
- Few, R., 2003. Flooding, vulnerability and coping strategies: local responses to a global threat. Progress in Development Studies, 3 (1), 43–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993403ps049ra
- Field, J., 2018. Divided disasters: examining the impacts of the conflict–disaster nexus for distanced crises in the Philippines. Disasters, 42, S265–S286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12305
- Findley, A. and Geddes, A., 2011. Critical views on the relationship between climate change and migration: some insights from the experience of Bangladesh. In: É. Piguet and A.P.P. de Guchteneire, eds. Migration and climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 138–159.
- Fisk, K., 2019. Camp settlement and communal conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 56 (1), 58–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318814588
- Fjelde, H., 2015. Farming or fighting? Agricultural price shocks and civil war in Africa. World Development, 67, 525–534. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.032
- Fjelde, H. and vonUexkull, N., 2012. Climate triggers: rainfall anomalies, vulnerability and communal conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Political Geography, 31 (7), 444–453.
- Gelman, A. and Hill, J., 2006. Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Ghimire, R., Ferreira, S.F.J., and Dorfman, J.H., 2015. Flood-induced displacement and civil conflict. World Development, 66, 614–628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.021
- Gleditsch, N.P., et al., 2002. Armed conflict 1946-2001: a new dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 39 (5), 615–637. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343302039005007
- Gleditsch, N.P., Nordas, R., and Salehyan, I. 2007. Climate change and conflict: the migration link. https://www.ipinst.org/2007/05/climate-change-and-conflict-the-migration-link. [Accessed 27 March 2019].
- Goldstone, J.A., 2001. Environmental conflict: an anthology. Oxford: Westview Press.
- Gurr, T., Jaggers, K., and Moore, W. 1989. Polity II codebook. Unpublished Working Paper.
- Hanmer, M.J.K. and Kalkan, O., 2013. Behind the curve: clarifying the best approach to calculating predicted probabilities and marginal effects from limited dependent variable models. American Journal of Political Science, 57 (1), 263–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00602.x
- Harris, K., Keen, D., and Mitchell, T., 2013. When disasters and conflict collide: improving link between disaster resilience and conflict prevention. London: Overseas Development Insitute.
- Hendrix, C.S. and Salehyan, I., 2012. Climate change, rainfall, and social conflict in Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 49 (1), 35–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311426165
- Homer-Dixon, T.F., 1999. Environment, scarcity and violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Hsiang, S.M., Burke, M., and Miguel, E., 2013. Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict. Science, 341, 1212–1226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235367
- Ide, T., 2015. Why do conflicts over scarce renewable resources turn violent? A qualitative comparative analysis. Global Environmental Change, 33, 61–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.04.008
- IDMC. 2020. Press release. October 22. https://bit.ly/2XpGv8l [Accessed 10 January 2020].
- IDMC NRC. 2013. Global Estimates 2012: people displaced by disasters. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-estimates-2012-people-displaced-disasters [Accessed 19 September 2014].
- IDMC NRC. 2018. Global report on internal displacement. http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2018/downloads/2018-GRID.pdf [Accessed 28 March 2019].
- International Rescue Committee. 2019. Climate change displacement is happening now. https://www.rescue.org/displaced-season-2/climate-change-displacement-happening-now [Accessed 26 March 2019].
- IRIN. 2014. Ivorian floods highlight disaster preparedness shortcomings. https://goo.gl/O3dULw [Accessed 19 September 2014].
- Kahl, C.H., 2006. States, scarcity and civil strife in the developing world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Kakinuma, K., et al., 2020. Flood-induced population displacements in the world. Environmental Research Letters, 15 (15), 124029. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc586
- Koubi, V., et al., 2018. The determinants of environmental migrants’ conflict perception. International Organization, 72 (4), 905–936. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818318000231
- Koubi, V., et al., 2021. Environmental migrants and social-movement participation. Journal of Peace Research, 58 (1), 18–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343320972153
- Kreutz, J., 2012. From tremors to talks: do natural disasters produce ripe moments for resolving separatist conflicts? International Interactions, 38, 482–502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2012.697404
- Krishnamurthy, P.K., 2012. Disaster-induced migration: assessing the impact of extreme weather events on livelihoods. Environmental Hazards, 11 (2), 96–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2011.609879
- Lischer, S.K., 2005. Dangerous sanctuaries: refugee camps, civil war and the dilemmas of humanitarian aid. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Mabiso, A., et al. 2014. Refugees, food security, and resilience in host communities: transitioning from humanitarian assistance to development in protracted refugee situations. Building Resilience for Food & Nutrition Security, 2020 Conference Paper 2, Addis Ababa.
- Marshall, M., Jaggers, K., and Gurr, T., 2011. Polity IV project: dataset users’ manual.
- McLeman, R. and Gemenne, F., eds. 2018. Routledge handbook of environmental displacement and migration. London: Routledge.
- Mitra, S. and Vivekananda, J., 2015. Compounding risk: disasters, fragility and conflict. International Alert Policy Brief. p. 1–6. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ClimateChange_DisastersFragilityConflict_EN_2015.pdf
- Mobjoerk, M., Krampe, F., and Tarif, K. 2020. Pathways of climate insecurity: guidance for policymakers. SIPRI Policy Brief.
- Mobjoerk, M. and van Baalen, S., 2016. Climate change and violent conflict in East Africa:implications for policy. SIPRI Policy Brief.
- Nardulli, P.F., Peyton, B., and Bajjalieh, J., 2015. Climate change and civil unrest. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59 (2), 310–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002713503809
- Nel, P. and Righarts, M., 2008. Natural disasters and the risk of violent civil conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 52, 159–185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00495.x
- Nordhaus, W.D., 2006. Geography and macroeconomics: new data and new findings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 103 (10), 3510–3517. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509842103
- Nordqvist, P. and Krampe, F., 2018. Climate change and violenet conflict: sparse evidence from South Asia and South East Asia. SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, 4, 1–11. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2018/sipri-insights-peace-and-security/climate-change-and-violent-conflict-sparse-evidence-south-asia-and-south-east-asia
- OCHA. 2019. Southern Africa: cyclone Idai Snapshot. https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-cyclone-idai-snapshot-9-april-2019 [Accessed 11 April 2019].
- Piguet, E., 2020. Environment and migration, In: A.Kobayashi, ed. International encyclopedia of human geography. 2 ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 163–168.
- Raleigh, C., et al., 2010. Introducing ACLED: an armed conflict location and event dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 47 (5), 651–660. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343310378914
- Raleigh, C. and Kniveton, D., 2012. Come rain or shine: an analysis of conflict and climate variability in East Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 49 (1), 51–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311427754
- Reuveny, R., 2007. Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. Political Geography, 26, 656–673. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.05.001
- Rigaud, K.K., et al., 2018. Groundswell: preparing for internal climate migration. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461
- Rüegger, S., 2019. Refugees, ethnic power relations, and civil conflict in the country of asylum. Journal of Peace Research, 56 (1), 42–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318812935
- Rüegger, S. and Bohnet, H., 2020. The link between forced migration and conflict. In: T. Krieger, D. Panke, and M. Pregernig, eds. Environmental conflicts, migration and governance. Bristol: Bristol University Press chapter 10, 177–196.
- Salehyan, I., 2008. From climate change to conflict? No consensus yet. Journal of Peace Research, 45 (3), 315–326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308088812
- Salehyan, I. and Hendrix, C.S. 2012. Social conflict in Africa database version 3.0: codebook and coding procedures. https://www.strausscenter.org/codebooks/SCAD%203.0%20Codebook.pdf [Accessed 1 February 2014].
- Salehyan, I. and Hendrix, C.S., 2014. Climate shocks and political violence. Global Environmental Change, 28, 239–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.007
- Salehyan, I.K.S.G., 2006. Refugee and the spread of civil war. International Organization, 60 (2), 335–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818306060103
- Schleussner, C.-F., et al., 2016. Armed-conflict risks enhanced by climate-related disasters in ethnically fractionalized countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (33), 9216–9221. https://www.pnas.org/content/113/33/9216.
- Siddiqi, A., 2018. Disasters in conflict areas: finding the politics. Disasters, 42, S161–S172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12302
- Slettebak, R.T., 2012. Don’t blame the weather! Climate-related natural disasters and civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 49, 163–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311425693
- Smith, T.G., 2014. Feeding unrest: disentangling the causal relationship between food price shocks and sociopolitical conflict in urban Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 51 (6), 679–695. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343314543722
- Spilker, G., et al., 2020. Attitudes of urban residents toward environmental migration in Kenya and Vietnam. Nature Climate Change, 10 (7), 622–627. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0805-1
- Stocker, T.F., et al., 2013. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. intergovernmental panel on climate change, working group I contribution to the IPCC fifth assessment report (AR5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Suhrke, A., 1997. Environmental degradation, migration and the potential for violent conflict. In: N.-P. Gleditsch, ed. Conflict and the environment. New York: Springer, 255–272.
- Sundberg, R. and Melander, E., 2013. Introducing the UCDP georeferenced event dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 50 (4), 523–532. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313484347
- Swain, A., et al., 2011. Climate change and the risk of violent conflicts in Southern Africa. Global Crisis Solutions. https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:419221/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Accessed 28 March 2019].
- Theisen, O. and Slettebak, R.T. 16 March 2011. Natural disasters and social destabilization: is there a link between natural disasters and violence? A study of Indonesian Districts, 1990–2005. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference, Montreal, Canada.
- Themnér, L. and Wallensteen, P., 2013. Armed conflicts, 1946–2012. Journal of Peace Research, 50 (4), 509–521. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313494396
- Thomas, A., 2014. Rising water, broken lives: experience from pakistan and colombia floods suggest new approach are needed. In: S.F. Martin, S. Weerasinghe, and A. Taylor, eds. Humanitarian crises and migration: causes, consequences and responses. London & New York: Routledge, 53–76.
- UNESCO. 2012. Managing water under uncertainty and risk. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002171/217175e.pdf [Accessed 9 January 2014].
- UNHCR. 2018. Global trend: forced displacement in 2017. https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/5b27be547/unhcr-global-trends-2017.html [Accessed 28 March 2019].
- van Baalen, S. and Malin, M. 2017. Climate change and violent conflict in East Africa: integrating qualitative and quantitative research to probe the mechanisms. International Studies Review, 20 (4), 547–575. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/vix043
- Vreeland, J.R., 2008. The effect of political regime on civil war: unpacking anocracy. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52 (3), 401–425. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002708315594
- Walch, C. 2010. Climate change, disaster risk reduction and peace-building: analysing the linkages and offering suggestions. Care International.
- Walch, C. 2013. “Typhoon Haiyan: natural Disaster Meets Armed Conflict.” Open Democracy.
- Walch, C., 2018a. Disaster risk reduction amidst armed conflict: informal institutions, rebel groups, and wartime political orders. Disasters, 42, S239–S264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12309
- Walch, C., 2018b. Weakened by the storm: rebel recruitment in the wake of natural disasters in the Philippines. Journal of Peace Research, 55 (3), 336–350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343317741535
- Weidmann, N.B., 2015. On the accuracy of media-based conflict event data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59 (6), 1129–1149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714530431
- Whitaker, B.E., 2003. Refugees and the spread of conflict: contrasting cases in Central Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 38 (2–3), 211–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002190960303800205
- Wiles, P., Selvester, K., and Fidalgo, L. 2005. Learning lessons from disaster recovery: the case of mozambique. https://www.recoveryplatform.org/assets/publication/mozambique.pdf [Accessed 26 March 2019].
- Wisner, B., et al., 2003. At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters. New York: Routledge.
- Wood, R.M. and Wright, T.M., 2016. Responding to catastrophe. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60 (8), 1446–1472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715596366
- World Bank. 2013. World development indicators. World Development Indicators Online (WDI) database. Accessed 10 February 2014.
- Zaman, M.Q. and Weist, R.E., 1991. Riverbank erosion and population resettlement in Bangladesh. Practicing Anthropology, 13 (3), 29–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.17730/praa.13.3.f8p0g77l11621707