Verbal Fluency Component Analysis in Adults with HIV/AIDS

REFERENCES

• Aylward , E. H. , Henderer , J. D. , McArthur , J. C. , Brettschneider , P. D. , Harris , G. J. Barta , P. E. 1993 . Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1-associated dementia: Results from quantitative neuroimaging . Neurology , 43 ( 10 ) : 2099 – 2104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldeweg , T. , Catalan , J. , Lovett , E. , Gruzelier , J. , Riccio , M. and Hawkins , D. 1995 . Long-term zidovudine reduces neurocognitive deficits in HIV-1 infection . AIDS , 9 ( 6 ) : 589 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo , J. V. and Shimamura , A. P. 1998 . Letter and category fluency in patients with frontal lobe lesions . Neuropsychology , 12 ( 2 ) : 259 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo , J. V. , Shimamura , A. P. , Delis , D. C. , Kramer , J. and Kaplan , E. 2001 . Verbal and design fluency in patients with frontal lobe lesions . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 ( 5 ) : 586 – 596 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso , M. R. and Bornstein , R. A. 2000 . Effects of immunosuppression and disease severity upon neuropsychological function in HIV infection . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 ( 1 ) : 104 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , W. W. , Testa , J. A. , English , S. and Winn , P. 1997 . Influences of clustering and switching on the verbal fluency performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease . Aging Neuropsychology & Cognition , 4 ( 4 ) : 273 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. and Steer , R. A. 1993 . Beck Depression Inventory Manual , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , J. T. , Sanchez , J. , Dew , M. A. , Lopez , O. L. , Dorst , S. K. and Banks , G. 1997 . Neuropsychological abnormalities among HIV-infected individuals in a community-based sample . Neuropsychology , 11 ( 4 ) : 592 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , A. S. 1968 . Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease . Neuropsychologia , 6 : 53 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. A. , Nasrallah , H. A. , Para , M. F. , Whitacre , C. C. and Fass , R. J. 1994 . Duration of illness and neuropsychological performance in asymptomatic HIV infection . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 6 ( 2 ) : 160 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. A. , Pace , P. , Rosenberger , P. , Nasrallah , H. A. , Para , M. F. Whitacre , C. C. 1993 . Depression and neuropsychological performance in asymptomatic HIV infection . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 ( 6 ) : 922 – 927 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butters , N. , Granholm , E. , Salmon , D. P. , Grant , I. and Wolfe , J. 1987 . Episodic and semantic memory: A comparison of amnesic and demented patients . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 9 ( 5 ) : 479 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , C. C. J. , Cooper , D. A. , Fischl , M. A. , Gatell , J. M. , Gazzard , B. G. Hammer , S. M. 2000 . Antiretroviral therapy in adults: Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society - USA Panel . Journal of the American Medical Association , 283 ( 3 ) : 381 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 1992 . 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 41 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , L. , Ernst , T. , Leonido-Yee , M. and Speck , O. 2000 . Perfusion MRI detects rCBF abnormalities in early stages of HIV-cognitive motor complex . Neurology , 54 ( 2 ) : 389 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , L. , Ernst , T. , Leonido-Yee , M. , Witt , M. , Speck , O. Walot , I. 1999 . Highly active antiretroviral therapy reverses brain metabolite abnormalities in mild HIV dementia . Neurology , 53 ( 4 ) : 782 – 789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciesla , J. A. and Roberts , J. E. 2001 . Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 ( 5 ) : 725 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , R. A. , Boland , R. , Paul , R. , Tashima , K. T. , Schoenbaum , E. E. Celentano , D. D. 2001 . Neurocognitive performance enhanced by highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected women . AIDS , 15 ( 3 ) : 341 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne , J. C. , Thompson , R. , Palmer , S. C. , Kagee , A. and Maunsell , E. 2000 . Should we screen for depression? Caveats and potential pitfalls . Applied & Preventive Psychology , 9 ( 2 ) : 101 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Dal Pan , G. J. , McArthur , J. H. , Aylward , E. , Selnes , O. A. , Nance-Sproson , T. E. Kumar , A. J. 1992 . Patterns of cerebral atrophy in HIV-1-infected individuals: Results of a quantitative MRI analysis . Neurology , 42 ( 11 ) : 2125 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , K. , Siegert , R. , McDowall , J. and Abernethy , D. 1999 . Clustering and switching in verbal fluency in Parkinson's disease . New Zealand Journal of Psychology , 28 ( 1 ) : 61 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epker , M. O. , Lacritz , L. H. and Munro Cullum , C. 1999 . Comparative analysis of qualitative verbal fluency performance in normal elderly and demented populations . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 4 ) : 425 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernaeus , S. E. , Almkvist , O. , Bronge , L. , Ostberg , P. , Hellstrom , A. Winblad , B. 2001 . White matter lesions impair initiation of FAS flow . Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 12 ( 1 ) : 52 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrando , S. , Gorp , W. , McElhiney , M. , Goggin , K. , Sewell , M. and Rabkin , J. 1998 . Highly active antiretroviral treatment in HIV infection: Benefits for neuropsychological function . AIDS , 12 ( 8 ) : F65 – F70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goggin , K. J. , Zisook , S. , Heaton , R. K. , Atkinson , J. H. , Marshall , S. McCutchan , J. A. 1997 . Neuropsychological performance of HIV-1 infected men with major depression . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 3 ( 5 ) : 457 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotham , A. M. , Brown , R. G. and Marsden , C. D. 1988 . ’Frontal’ cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease ’on’ and ’off’ levodopa . Brain , 11 ( Pt 2 ) : 299 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Gourovitch , M. L. , Kirkby , B. S. , Goldberg , T. E. , Weinberger , D. R. , Gold , J. M. Esposito , G. 2000 . A comparison of rCBF patterns during letter and semantic fluency . Neuropsychology , 14 ( 3 ) : 353 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , I. , Olshen , R. A. , Atkinson , J. H. , Heaton , R. K. , Nelson , J. McCutchan , J. A. 1993 . Depressed mood does not explain neuropsychological deficits in HIV-infected persons . Neuropsychology , 7 ( 1 ) : 53 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , M. , Whaley , R. , Robertson , K. , Hamby , S. , Wilkins , J. and Hall , C. 1996 . The correlation between neuropsychological and neuroanatomic changes over time in asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals . Neurology , 46 ( 6 ) : 1697 – 702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Grant , I. , Butters , N. , White , D. A. , Kirson , D. Atkinson , J. H. 1995 . The HNRC 500: Neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 1 ( 3 ) : 231 – 251 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hestad , K. , McArthur , J. H. , Dal Pan , G. J. , Selnes , O. A. , Nance-Sproson , T. E. Aylward , E. 1993 . Regional brain atrophy in HIV-1 infection: Association with specific neuropsychological test performance . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 88 ( 2 ) : 112 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , A. K. , Sahakian , B. J. , Robbins , T. W. , Barker , R. A. , Rosser , A. E. and Hodges , J. R. 2002 . Verbal fluency in Huntington's disease: a longitudinal analysis of phonemic and semantic clustering and switching . Neuropsychologia , 40 ( 8 ) : 1277 – 1284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurado , M. A. , Mataro , M. , Verger , K. , Bartumeus , F. and Junque , C. 2000 . Phonemic and semantic fluencies in traumatic brain injury patients with focal frontal lesions . Brain Injury , 14 ( 9 ) : 789 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieburtz , K. , Ketonen , L. , Cox , C. and Grossman , H. 1996 . Cognitive performance and regional brain volume in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection . Archives of Neurology , 53 ( 2 ) : 155 – 158 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuzis , G. , Sabe , L. , Tiberti , C. , Leiguarda , R. and Starkstein , S. E. 1997 . Cognitive functions in major depression and Parkinson disease . Archives of Neurology , 54 ( 8 ) : 982 – 986 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaFont , V. , Medecin , I. , Robert , P. H. , Beaulieu , F. E. , Kazes , M. Danion , J. M. 1998 . Initiation and supervisory processes in schizophrenia and depression . Schizophrenia Research , 34 : 49 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez , O. L. , Wess , J. , Sanchez , J. , Dew , M. A. and Becker , J. T. 1998 . Neurobehavioral correlates of perceived mental and motor slowness in HIV infection and AIDS . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 10 ( 3 ) : 343 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maini , C. L. , Pigorini , F. , Pau , F. M. , Volpini , V. , Galgani , S. Rosci , M. A. 1990 . Cortical cerebral blood flow in HIV-1-related dementia complex . Nuclear Medicine Communications , 11 ( 9 ) : 639 – 648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mapou , R. L. , Law , W. A. , Martin , A. , Kampen , D. , Salazar , A. M. and Rundell , J. R. 1993 . Neuropsychological performance, mood, and complaints of cognitive and motor difficulties in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 5 ( 1 ) : 86 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , N. V. and McCall , D. W. 1994 . Early neuropsychological change in HIV infection . Neuropsychology , 8 ( 1 ) : 44 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , A. , Heyes , M. P. , Salazar , A. M. , Law , W. A. and Williams , J. 1993 . Impaired motor-skill learning, slowed reaction time, and elevated cerebrospinal-fluid quinolinic acid in a subgroup of HIV-infected individuals . Neuropsychology , 7 ( 2 ) : 149 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , A. , Wiggs , C. , Lalonde , F. and Mack , C. 1994 . Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: A double dissociation in normal subjects using interference tasks . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 1487 – 1494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , E. M. , Pitrak , D. L. , Novak , R. M. , Pursell , K. J. and Mullane , K. M. 1999 . Reaction times are faster in HIV-seropositive patients on antiretroviral therapy: A preliminary report . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 5 ) : 730 – 735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , E. M. , Pitrak , D. L. , Pursell , K. J. , Andersen , B. R. , Mullane , K. M. and Novak , R. M. 1998 . Information processing and antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 ( 4 ) : 329 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberg , H. S. 1997 . Limbic-cortical dysregulation: A proposed model of depression . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 9 : 471 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , B. 1964 . “ Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man ” . In The frontal granular cortex and behavior , 313 – 331 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Milner , B. and Petrides , M. 1984 . Behavioral effects of frontal lobe lesions in man . Trends in Neuroscience , 7 : 403 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsch , A. , Bondi , M. , Butters , N. , Paulsen , J. , Salmon , D. P. Bruyer , D. 1994 . A comparison of category and letter fluency in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease . Neuropsychology , 8 : 25 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , L. H. , Gorp , W. G. , Hinkin , C. H. , Stern , M. J. , Swales , T. and Satz , P. 1997 . Subjective complaints versus actual cognitive deficits in predominantly symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive individuals . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 9 ( 1 ) : 37 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovitch , M. 1994 . Cognitive resources and the dual-task interference effects at retrieval in normal people: The role of the frontal lobes and medial temporal cortex . Neuropsychology , 8 : 524 – 534 .
   Google Scholar
• Neuen-Jacob , E. , Arendt , G. , Wendtland , B. , Jacob , B. , Schneeweis , M. and Wechsler , W. 1993 . Frequency and topographical distribution of CD68-positive macrophages and HIV-1 core proteins in HIV-associated brain lesions . Clinical Neuropathology , 12 ( 6 ) : 315 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomara , N. , Crandall , D. T. , Choi , S. J. , Johnson , G. and Lim , K. O. 2001 . White matter abnormalities in HIV-1 infection: A diffusion tensor imaging study . Psychiatry Research , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompeia , S. , Rusted , J. M. and Curran , H. V. 2002 . Verbal fluency facilitated by the cholinergic blocker, scopolamine . Human Psychopharmacology , 17 ( 1 ) : 51 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph , C. , Braun , A. R. , Goldberg , T. E. and Chase , T. N. 1993 . Semantic fluency in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease: Dissociation of storage and retrieval failures . Neuropsychology , 7 ( 1 ) : 82 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Raskin , S. A. , Sliwinski , M. and Borod , J. C. 1992 . Clustering strategies on tasks of verbal fluency in Parkinson's disease . Neuropsychologia , 30 ( 1 ) : 95 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich , J. B. , Troyer , A. K. , Bylsma , F. W. and Brandt , J. 1999 . Longitudinal analysis of phonemic clustering and switching during word-list generation in Huntington's disease . Neuropsychology , 13 ( 4 ) : 525 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , M. A. , Satz , P. F. , Myers , H. F. , Miller , E. N. , Bing , E. G. Fawzy , F. I. 1999 . Effects of depressed mood versus clinical depression on neuropsychological test performance among African American men impacted by HIV/AIDS . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 6 ) : 769 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosser , A. and Hodges , J. R. 1994 . Initial letter and semantic category fluency in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 57 ( 11 ) : 1389 – 1394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rourke , S. B. , Halman , M. H. and Bassel , C. 1999 . Neurocognitive complaints in HIV-infection and their relationship to depressive symptoms and neuropsychological functioning . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 6 ) : 737 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacktor , N. C. , Lyles , R. H. , Skolasky , R. L. , Anderson , D. E. , McArthur , J. C. McFarlane , G. 1999 . Combination antiretroviral therapy improves psychomotor speed performance in HIV-seropositive homosexual men. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) . Neurology , 52 ( 8 ) : 1640 – 1647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. , Alexander , M. P. , Hamer , L. , Palumbo , C. , Dempster , R. Binns , M. 1998 . The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 ( 3 ) : 265 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swirsky-Sacchetti , T. , Mitchell , D. R. , Seward , J. , Gonzales , C. , Lublin , F. Knobler , R. 1992 . Neuropsychological and structural brain lesions in multiple sclerosis: A regional analysis . Neurology , 42 ( 7 ) : 1291 – 1295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szatkowska , I. , Grabowska , A. and Szymanska , O. 2000 . Phonological and semantic fluencies are mediated by different regions of the prefrontal cortex . Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis , 60 ( 4 ) : 503 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozzi , V. , Balestra , P. , Galgani , S. , Narciso , P. , Sampaolesi , A. Antinori , A. 2001 . Changes in neurocognitive performance in a cohort of patients treated with HAART for 3 years . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 28 : 19 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran Dinh , Y. R. , Mamo , H. , Cervoni , J. , Caulin , C. and Saimot , A. C. 1990 . Disturbances in the cerebral perfusion of human immune deficiency virus-1 seropositive asymptomatic subjects: A quantitative tomography study of 18 cases . Journal of Nuclear Medicine , 31 ( 10 ) : 1601 – 1607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trepanier , L. L. , Saint-Cyr , J. A. , Lang , A. E. and Lozano , A. M. 2000 . Process analysis of verbal fluency production following pallidal lesions and subthalamic nucleus stimulation . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 15 ( 8 ) : 715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troster , A. I. , Fields , J. A. , Testa , J. A. , Paul , R. H. , Blanco , C. R. Hames , K. A. 1998 . Cortical and subcortical influences on clustering and switching in the performance of verbal fluency tasks . Neuropsychologia , 36 ( 4 ) : 295 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. 2000 . Normative data for clustering and switching on verbal fluency tasks . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 ( 3 ) : 370 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. , Moscovitch , M. and Winocur , G. 1997 . Clustering and switching as two components of verbal fluency: Evidence from younger and older healthy adults . Neuropsychology , 11 ( 1 ) : 138 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. , Moscovitch , M. , Winocur , G. , Alexander , M. P. and Stuss , D. 1998 . Clustering and switching on verbal fluency: The effects of focal frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions . Neuropsychologia , 36 ( 6 ) : 499 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. , Moscovitch , M. , Winocur , G. , Leach , L. and Freedman , M. 1998 . Clustering and switching on verbal fluency tests in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 : 137 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha , O. W. , Smely , C. W. and Lange , K. W. 1999 . Verbal and figural fluency in patients with mass lesions of the left or right frontal lobes . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 2 ) : 229 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , D. A. , Taylor , M. J. , Butters , N. , Mack , C. , Salmon , D. P. Peavy , G. 1997 . Memory for verbal information in individuals with HIV-associated dementia complex . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 ( 3 ) : 357 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zec , R. F. , Landreth , E. S. , Fritz , S. , Grames , E. , Hasara , A. Fraizer , W. 1999 . A comparison of phonemic, semantic, and alternating word fluency in Parkinson's disease . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 ( 3 ) : 255 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar