An Interactive Test of Serial Behavior: Ageand Practice Alter Executive Function

References

• Araujo , C. , Kowler , E. and Pavel , M. 2001 . Eye movements during visual search: The costs of choosing the optimal path . Vision Research , 41 ( 25–26 ) : 3613 – 3625 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arbuthnott , K. and Frank , J. 2000 . Trail making test, Part B as a measure of executive control: Validation using a set-switching paradigm . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 518 – 528 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. V. , Bigler , E. D. and Blatter , D.D. 1995 . Frontal lobe lesions, diffuse damage, and neuropsychological functioning in traumatic brain-injured patients . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 ( 6 ) : 900 – 908 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , P. J. and Pratt , J. 2001 . The spatial distribution of inhibition of return . Psychological Science , 12 ( 1 ) : 76 – 80 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton-Danner , K. , Owsley , C. and Jackson , G. 2001 . Aging and feature search: The effect of search area . Experimental Aging Research , 27 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chun , M. M. and Jiang , Y. 1998 . Contextual cueing: Implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention . Cognitive Psychology , 36 ( 1 ) : 28 – 71 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey , C. E. , Ratcliff , G. , Saxton , J. A. , Bryan , R. N. , Fried , L. P. and Lucke , J. F. 2001 . Cognitive correlates of human brain aging: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging investigation . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 13 ( 4 ) : 471 – 485 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowell , P. E. , Turetsky , B. I. , Gur , R. C. , Grossman , R. I. , Shtasel , D. L. and Gur , R. E. 1994 . Sex differences in aging of the human frontal and temporal lobes . Journal of Neuroscience , 14 ( 8 ) : 4748 – 4755 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crowe , S. F. 1998 . The differential contribution of mental tracking, cognitive flexibility, visual search, and motor speed to performance on parts a and b of the trail making test . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 54 ( 5 ) : 585 – 591 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , D. M. , Spelman , M. S. and Davies , M. G. 1981 . Combining psychometric data on brain damage and the influence of aging . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 52 ( 2 ) : 583 – 592 . [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Kaplan , E. and Kramer , J. H. 2001 . D-KEFS: Delis Kaplan Executive Function System , San Antonio : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Drane , D. L. , Yuspeh , R. L. , Huthwaite , J. S. and Klingler , L. K. 2002 . Demographic characteristics and normative observations for derived trail making test indices . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology & Behavioral Neurology , 15 ( 1 ) : 39 – 43 . [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duncan , J. 1986 . Disorganization of behavior after frontal-lobe damage . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 3 : 271 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenstein , W. H. , Heister , G. and Cohen , R. 1982 . Trail making test and visual search . Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheit , 231 ( 4 ) : 333 – 8 . [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaudino , E. A. , Geisler , M. W. and Squires , N. K. 1995 . Construct validity in the trail making test: What makes Part B harder? . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 ( 4 ) : 529 – 35 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groth , K. , Gilmore , G. C. and Thomas , C. 2003 . Impact of stimulus integrity on age differences in letter matching . Experimental Aging Research , 29 ( 2 ) : 155 – 172 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunning-Dixon , F. M. and Raz , N. 2000 . The cognitive correlates of white matter abnormalities in normal aging: A quantitative review . Neuropsychology , 14 ( 2 ) : 224 – 232 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. , Stoltzfus , E. R. , Zacks , R. T. and Rypma , B. 1991 . Age and inhibition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition , 17 ( 1 ) : 163 – 169 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1979 . Automatic and effortful processes in memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 108 : 356 – 358 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1988 . “ Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 22 , 193 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Hays , J. R. 1995 . Trail making test norms for psychiatric patients . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 80 ( 1 ) : 187 – 94 . [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , K. E. , Jaffe , M. J. , Caruso , R. C. and deMonasterio , F. M. 1988 . Spatial contrast sensitivity: Effects of age, test-retest, and psychophysical method . Journal of the Optical Society of America, A , 5 ( 12 ) : 2173 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahana , M. and Loftus , G. 1999 . “ Response time versus accuracy in human memory ” . In The nature of cognition , Edited by: Sternberg , R. J. 322 – 384 . Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kirschen , M. P. , Kahana , M. J. , Sekuler , R. and Burack , B. 2000 . Optic flow helps humans learn to navigate through synthetic environments . Perception , 29 ( 7 ) : 801 – 818 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kline , D. W. , Kline , T. J. , Fozard , J. L. , Kosnik , W. , Schieber , F. and Sekuler , R. 1992 . Vision, aging, and driving: The problems of older drivers . Journal of Gerontology , 47 ( 1 ) : P27 – P34 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosnik , W. , Winslow , L. , Kline , D. , Rasinski , K. and Sekuler , R. 1988 . Visual changes in daily life throughout adulthood . Journal of Gerontology , 43 ( 3 ) : P63 – P70 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosnik , W. D. , Sekuler , R. and Kline , D. W. 1990 . Self-reported visual problems of older drivers . Human Factors , 32 ( 5 ) : 597 – 608 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , A. F. and Atchley , P. 2000 . Age-related effects in the marking of old objects in visual search . Psychology & Aging , 15 ( June ) : 286 – 296 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer , D. E. and Kieras , D. E. 1997 . Epic: A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 1. Basic mechanisms . Psychological Review , 104 : 3 – 65 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsell , S. 2003 . Task switching . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 : 134 – 140 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsell , S. , Sumner , P. and Waters , H. 2003 . Task-set reconfiguration with predictable and unpredictable task switches . Memory & Cognition , 31 ( 3 ) : 327 – 342 . [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musen , G. and Treisman , A. 1990 . Implicit and explicit memory for visual patterns . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition , 16 ( 1 ) : 127 – 137 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , M. C. and Kaszniak , A. W. 2000 . Spatial memory and aging: Performance on a human analog of the Morris water maze . Aging, Neuropsychology, & Cognition , 7 ( 2 ) : 86 – 93 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , D. A. and Shallice , T. 1986 . “ Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior ” . In Consciousness and self-regulation , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. , Schwartz , G. E. and Shapiro , D. 1 – 18 . Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Owsley , C. , Sekuler , R. and Siemsen , D. 1983 . Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood . Vision Research , 23 ( 7 ) : 689 – 99 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelli , D. G. , Robson , J. G. and Wilkins , A. J. 1988 . The design of a new letter chart for measuring contrast sensitivity . Clinical Vision Sciences , 2 : 187 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Plude , D. J. and Hoyer , W. J. 1981 . Adult age differences in visual search as a function of stimulus mapping and processing load . Journal of Gerontology , 36 ( 5 ) : 598 – 604 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plude , D. J. and Hoyer , W. J. 1986 . Age and the selectivity of visual information processing . Psychology & Aging , 1 ( 1 ) : 4 – 10 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. 1958 . Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 8 : 271 – 276 . [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1993 . Attentional blocks are not responsible for age-related slowing . Journal of Gerontology , 48 ( 6 ) : P263 – P270 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. and Fristoe , N. M. 1995 . Process analysis of adult age effects on a computer administered trail making test . Neuropsychology , 9 ( 4 ) : 518 – 528 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. , Toth , J. , Daniels , K. , Parks , C. , Pak , R. , Wolbrette , M. and Hocking , K. J. 2000 . Effects of aging on efficiency of task switching in a variant of the trail making test . Neuropsychology , 14 ( 1 ) : 102 – 111 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekuler , R. and Ball , K. 1986 . Visual localization: Age and practice . Journal of the Optical Society of America, A , 3 ( 6 ) : 864 – 867 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sekuler , R. and Sekuler , A. B. 2000 . “ Visual perception and cognition ” . In Oxford textbook of geriatric medicine , 2 , Edited by: Evans , J. G. , Williams , T. F. , Beattie , J.-P. , Michel Land , B and Wilcock , G. K. 874 – 880 . New York : Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Shallice , T . 2002 . “ Fractionation of the supervisory system ” . In Principles of frontal lobe function , Edited by: Stuss , D. T. and Knight , R. T. 261 – 277 . London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. and Strauss , E. 1998 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg , S. 1999 . “ Discovering mental processing stages: The method of additive factors ” . In An invitation to cognitive science , Edited by: Scarborough , D. and Sternberg , S. 703 – 786 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. , Bisschop , S. M. , Alexander , M. P. , Levine , B. , Katz , D. and Izukawa , D. 2001 . The Trail Making Test: A study in focal lesion patients . Psychological Assessment , 13 ( 2 ) : 230 – 239 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi , T. , Murata , T. , Omori , M. , Kosaka , H. , Takahashi , K. , Yonekura , Y. and Wada , Y. 2004 . Quantitative evaluation of age-related white matter microstructural changes on MRI by multifractal analysis . Journal of Neurological Science , 225 ( 1–2 ) : 33 – 37 . [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman , A. 1988 . Features and objects: The fourteenth Bartlett memorial lecture . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 40A ( 2 ) : 201 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingfield , A. , Lindfield , K. C. and Kahana , M. J. 1998 . Adult age differences in the temporal characteristics of category free recall . Psychology & Aging , 13 ( 2 ) : 256 – 266 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yantis , S. and Jonides , J. 1984 . Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Evidence from visual search . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance , 10 ( 5 ) : 601 – 621 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar