The contingency-shifting variant Iowa Gambling Task: An investigation with young adults

REFERENCES

• Balodis , I. M. , MacDonald , T. K. and Olmstead , M. C. 2006 . Instructional cues modify performance on the Iowa Gambling Task . Brain and Cognition , 60 : 109 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara , A. and Damasio , H. 2002 . Decision-making and addiction (Part I): Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 1675 – 1689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara , A. , Damasio , A. R. , Damasio , H. and Anderson , S. W. 1994 . Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex . Cognition , 50 : 7 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara , A. , Damasio , H. , Tranel , D. and Anderson , W. S. 1998 . Dissociation of working memory from decision making within the human prefrontal cortex . Journal of Neuroscience , 18 : 426 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara , A. , Damasio , H. , Tranel , D. and Damasio , A. R. 1997 . Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy . Science , 275 : 1293 – 1294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara , A. , Tranel , D. and Damasio , H. 2000 . Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions . Brain , 123 : 2189 – 2202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , C. H. , Evans , C. E. Y. and Turnbull , O. H. 2005 . Artificial time constraints on the Iowa Gambling Task: The effects on behavioral performance and subjective experience . Brain and Cognition , 57 : 21 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , C. H. and Turnbull , O. H. 2003 . Real versus facsimile reinforcers on the Iowa Gambling Task . Brain and Cognition , 53 : 207 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand , M. , Labudda , K. and Markowitsch , H. J. 2006 . Neuropsychological correlates of decision-making in ambiguous and risky situations . Neural Networks , 19 : 1266 – 1276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand , M. , Recknor , E. C. , Grabenhorst , F. and Bechara , A. 2007 . Decisions under ambiguity and decisions under risk: Correlations with executive functions and comparisons of two different gambling tasks with implicit and explicit rules . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 29 : 86 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess , P. W. and Shallice , T. 1997 . The Hayling and Brixton Tests , London : Thames Valley Test Company .
   Google Scholar
• Caroselli , J. S. , Hiscock , M. , Scheibel , R. S. and Ingram , F. 2006 . The simulated gambling paradigm applied to young adults: An examination of university students' performance . Applied Neuropsychology , 13 : 203 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cella , M. , Dymond , S. and Cooper , A. in press . Impairment in flexible emotion-based learning in hallucination- and delusion-prone individuals . Psychiatry Research ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cella , M. , Dymond , S. , Cooper , A. and Turnbull , O. H. 2007 . Effects of decision-phase time constraints on emotion-based learning in the Iowa Gambling Task . Brain and Cognition , 64 : 164 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crone , E. A. , Bunge , S. A. , Latenstein , H. and Van der Molen , M. W. 2005 . Characterization of children's decision-making: Sensitivity to punishment frequency, not task complexity . Child Neuropsychology , 11 : 245 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crone , E. A. and van der Molen , M. W. 2004 . Developmental changes in real life decision making: Performance on a gambling task previously shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex . Developmental Neuropsychology , 25 : 251 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish , T. , Yiend , J. , Bramham , J. , Teasdale , J. D. , Ogilvie , A. D. and Malhi , G. 2004 . Neuropsychological processing associated with recovery from depression after stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 1913 – 1916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , C. , Patte , K. , Tweed , S. and Curtis , C. 2007 . Personality traits associated with decision-making deficits . Personality and Individual Differences , 42 : 279 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias , R. , Robbins , T. W. and Roberts , A. C. 1996 . Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts . Nature , 380 : 69 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , B. D. , Dalgleish , T. and Lawrence , A. D. 2006 . The somatic marker hypothesis: A critical evaluation . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 30 : 239 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , C. E. , Bowman , C. H. and Turnbull , O. H. 2005 . Subjective awareness on the Iowa Gambling Task: The key role of emotional experience in schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , C. E. , Kemish , K. and Turnbull , O. H. 2004 . Paradoxical effects of education on the Iowa Gambling Task . Brain and Cognition , 54 : 240 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellows , L. K. and Farah , M. J. 2003 . Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: Evidence from a reversal learning paradigm . Brain , 126 : 1830 – 1837 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellows , L. K. and Farah , M. J. 2005 . Different underlying impairments in decision-making following ventromedial and dorsolateral frontal lobe damage in humans . Cerebral Cortex , 15 : 58 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernie , G. and Tunney , R. J. 2005 . Some decks are better than others: The effect of reinforcer type and task instructions on learning in the Iowa Gambling Task . Brain and Cognition , 60 : 94 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glicksohn , J. , Naor-Ziv , R. and Leshem , R. 2007 . Impulsive decision-making: Learning to gamble wisely? . Cognition , 105 : 195 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence , N. S. , Wooderson , S. , Mataix-Cols , D. , David , R. , Speckens , A. and Phillips , M. L. 2006 . Decision making and set shifting impairments are associated with distinct symptom dimensions in obsessive–compulsive disorder . Neuropsychology , 20 : 409 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto , J. E. and Elorinne , E. 2003 . Gambling as an executive function task . Applied Neuropsychology , 10 : 234 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , B. , Black , S. E. , Cheung , G. , Campbell , A. , O'Toole , C. and Schwartz , M. L. 2005 . Gambling task performance in traumatic brain injury . Cognitive and Behavioural Neurology , 18 : 45 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.-H. , Chiu , Y.-C. , Lee , P.-L. and Hsieh , J.-C. 2007 . Is deck B a disadvantageous deck in the Iowa Gambling Task? . Behavioral and Brain Functions , 3 : 16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maia , T. V. and McClelland , J. L. 2005 . A re-examination of the evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis: What participants really know in the Iowa Gambling Task . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 101 : 16075 – 16080 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , D. G. V. , Colledge , E. , Leonard , A. and Blair , R. J. R. 2002 . Risky decisions and response reversal: Is there evidence of orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in psychopathic individuals? . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 2013 – 2022 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Must , A. , Szabo , Z. , Bodi , N. , Szasz , A. , Janka , Z. and Keri , S. 2006 . Sensitivity to reward and punishment and the prefrontal cortex in major depression . Journal of Affective Disorders , 90 : 209 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , E. A. , Hooper , C. J. , Collins , P. and Luciana , M. 2007 . Adolescents' performance on delay and probability discounting tasks: Contributions of age, intelligence, executive functioning, and self-reported externalizing behavior . Personality & Individual Differences , 43 : 1886 – 1897 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overman , W. H. 2004 . Sex differences in early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood on cognitive tasks that rely on orbital prefrontal cortex . Brain and Cognition , 55 : 134 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelis , C. , Barber , F. Z. , Barnes , T. R. , Nelson , H. E. , Owen , A. M. and Robbins , T. W. 1999 . Comparison of set shifting ability in patients with chronic schizophrenia and frontal lobe damage . Schizophrenia Research , 37 : 251 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecchinenda , A. , Dretsch , M. and Chapman , P. 2006 . Working memory involvement in emotion-based processes underlying choosing advantageously . Experimental Psychology , 53 : 191 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reavis , R. and Overman , W. H. 2001 . Adult sex differences on a decision-making task previously shown to depend on the orbital prefrontal cortex . Behavioral Neuroscience , 115 : 196 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevy , S. , Burdick , K. E. , Visweswaraiah , H. , Abdelmessih , S. , Lukin , M. Yechiam , E. 2007 . Iowa Gambling Task in schizophrenia: A review and new data in patients with schizophrenia and co-occurring cannabis use disorders . Schizophrenia Research , 92 : 74 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull , O. H. and Evans , C. E. Y. 2006 . Preserved complex emotion-based learning in amnesia . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 300 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull , O. H. , Evans , C. E. Y. , Kemish , K. , Park , S. and Bowman , C. H. 2006 . A novel “set-shifting” modification of the Iowa Gambling Task: Flexible emotion-based learning in schizophrenia . Neuropsychology , 20 : 290 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar