Prospective memory deficits in Ecstasy users: Effects of longer ongoing task delay interval

REFERENCES

• Babor , T. F. , Higgins-Biddle , J. C. , Saunders , J. B. and Monteiro , M. G. 2001 . The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary care , Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization – Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence .
   Google Scholar
• Bechara , A. 2007 . Iowa Gambling Task professional manual , Lutz, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Bechara , A. , Damasio , H. and Damasio , A. 2000 . Emotion, decision-making, and the orbitofrontal cortex . Cerebral Cortex , 10 : 295 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedi , G. and Redman , J. 2008a . Ecstasy use and higher-level cognitive functions: Weak effects of ecstasy after control for potential confounds . Psychological Medicine , 38 : 1319 – 1330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedi , G. and Redman , J. 2008b . Metamemory in recreational ecstasy polydrug users: What do self-reports of memory failures mean? . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 22 : 872 – 881 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benton , A. L. , Hamsher , K. and Sivan , A. B. 1994 . Multilingual Aphasia Examination , Iowa City, IA : AJA Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. , McKone , E. and Ward , J. 2010 . Deficits of long-term memory in ecstasy users are related to cognitive complexity of the task . Psychopharmacology , 209 : 51 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchert , R. , Thomasius , R. , Petersen , K. , Wilke , F. , Obrocki , J. Nebeling , B. 2006 . Reversibility of ecstasy-induced reduction in serotonin transporter availability in polydrug ecstasy users . European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging , 33 : 188 – 199 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchert , R. , Thomasius , R. , Wilke , F. , Petersen , K. , Nebeling , B. Obrocki , J. 2004 . A voxel-based PET investigation of the long-term effects of “Ecstasy” consumption on brain serotonin transporters . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 1181 – 1189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess , P. W. , Gonen-Yaacovi , G. and Volle , E. 2011 . Functional neuroimaging studies of prospective memory: What have we learnt so far? . Neuropsychologia , 49 ( 8 ) : 2246 – 2257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , L. J. and Chapman , J. P. 1973 . The measurement of differential deficit . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 14 : 303 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaytor , N. , Schmitter-Edgecombe , M. and Burr , R. 2006 . Improving the ecological validity of executive functioning assessment . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 ( 3 ) : 217 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocco , K. M. and Carey , K. B. 1998 . Psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in psychiatric outpatients . Psychological Assessment , 10 : 408 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contardo , C. , Black , A. C. , Beauvais , J. , Dieckhaus , K. and Rosen , M. I. 2009 . Relationship of prospective memory to neuropsychological function and antiretroviral adherence . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 24 : 547 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , A. , Peppe , A. , Caltagirone , C. and Carlesimo , G. A. 2008 . Prospective memory impairment in individuals with Parkinson's disease . Neuropsychology , 22 : 283 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , R. L. 2007 . Neuroimaging research in human MDMA users: A review . Psychopharmacology , 189 : 539 – 556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein , G. , McDaniel , M. , Richardson , S. , Guynn , M. and Cunfer , A. 1995 . Aging and prospective memory: Examining the influences of self-initiated retrieval processes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition , 21 : 996 – 1007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein , G. , McDaniel , M. , Thomas , R. , Mayfield , S. , Shank , H. Morrisette , N. 2005 . Multiple processes in prospective memory retrieval: Factors determining monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 9 : 147 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mallakh , R. and Abraham , H. 2007 . MDMA (Ecstasy) . Annals of Clinical Psychiatry , 19 ( 1 ) : 45 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fish , J. , Evans , J. , Nimmo , M. , Martin , E. , Kersel , D. Bateman , A. 2007 . Rehabilitation of executive function following brain injury: “Content-free” cueing improves everyday prospective memory performance . Neuropsychologia , 45 : 1318 – 1330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjiefthyvoulou , F. , Fisk , J. , Montgomery , C. and Bridges , N. 2010 . Everyday and prospective memory deficits in ecstasy/polydrug users . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 25 : 453 – 464 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hadjiefthyvoulou , F. , Fisk , J. , Montgomery , C. and Bridges , N. 2011 . Prospective memory functioning among ecstasy/polydrug users: Evidence from the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) . Psychopharmacology , 215 : 761 – 774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzidimitriou , G. , McCann , U. D. and Ricaurte , G. A. 1999 . Altered serotonin innervation patterns in the forebrain of monkeys treated with (+/–)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine seven years previously: Factors influencing abnormal recovery . Journal of Neuroscience , 19 : 5096 – 5107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan , T. M. , Jarvis , H. , Rodgers , J. , Scholey , A. B. and Ling , J. 2001 . Prospective memory, everyday cognitive failure and central executive function in recreational users of Ecstasy . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 16 : 607 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan , T. M. , Ling , J. and Scholey , A. B. 2001 . Subjective ratings of prospective memory deficits in MDMA (“ecstasy”) users . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 16 : 339 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell , D. C. 2005 . Statistical methods for psychology , 5th , Belmont, CA : Thomson Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Iudicello , J. E. , Weber , E. , Grant , I. , Weinborn , M. , Woods , S. P. and The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) Group . 2011 . Misremembering future intention in methamphetamine dependent individuals . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 25 : 269 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns , M. W. 1991 . A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness—The Epworth Sleepiness Scale . Sleep , 14 : 540 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovski , D. and Zakzanis , K. 2003 . Donepezil in a chronic drug user—A potential treatment? . Human Psychopharmacology , 18 ( 7 ) : 561 – 564 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalechstein , A. D. , De La Garza , R. , Mahoney , J. J. , Fantegrossi , W. E. and Newton , T. F. 2007 . MDMA use and neurocognition: A meta-analytic review . Psychopharmacology , 189 : 531 – 537 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kliegel , M. , Jager , T. , Altgasen , M. and Sum , D. 2008 . “ Clinical neuropsychology of prospective memory ” . In Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives , Edited by: Kliegel , M. , MecDaniel , M. A. and Einstein , G. O. 283 – 308 . New York, NY : Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Laws , K. R. and Kokkalis , J. 2007 . Ecstasy (MDMA) and memory function: A meta-analytic update . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 22 : 381 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejuez , C. W. , Read , J. P. , Kahler , C. W. , Richards , J. B. , Ramsey , S. E. Stuart , G. L. 2002 . Evaluation of a behavioural measure of risk taking: The balloon analogue risk task (BART) . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 8 : 75 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond , S. H. and Lovibond , P. F. 1995 . Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales , 2nd , Sydney, , Australia : Psychology Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , B. A. , Brown , N. L. and Hicks , J. L. 2011 . Ongoing task delays affect prospective memory more powerfully than filler task delays . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 65 : 48 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , E. M. , Nixon , H. , Pitrak , D. L. , Weddington , W. , Rains , N. A. Nunnally , G. 2007 . Characteristics of prospective memory deficits in HIV-seropositive substance dependent individuals: Preliminary observations . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 29 : 496 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell , J. and Spence , R. 2005 . Profiles of club drug users in treatment . Substance Use & Misuse , 40 : 1409 – 1426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann , U. D. , Szabo , Z. , Scheffel , U. , Dannals , R. F. and Ricaurte , G. A. 1998 . Positron emission tomographic evidence of neurotoxic effect of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) on brain serotonin neurons in human beings . Lancet , 352 : 1433 – 1437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. A. and Einstein , G. O. 2000 . Strategic and automatic processes in prospective remembering: A multiprocess framework . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 14 : S127 – S144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. A. , Glisky , E. L. , Rubin , S. R. , Guynn , M. J. and Routhieaus , B. C. 1999 . Prospective memory: A neuropsychological study . Neuropsychology , 13 : 103 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , J. E. and Meyers , K. R. 1995 . Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. P. , Emerson , M. J. , Witzki , A. H. , Howerter , A. and Wager , T. D. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 49 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , C. and Fisk , J. E. 2007 . Everyday memory deficits in ecstasy-polydrug users . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 21 : 709 – 717 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , C. , Hatton , N. , Fisk , J. , Ogden , R. and Jansari , A. 2010 . Assessing the functional significance of ecstasy-related memory deficits using a virtual paradigm . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 25 : 318 – 325 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naimi , T. , Brewer , R. , Makdad , A. , Denny , C. , Serdula , M. and Marks , J. 2003 . Binge drinking among US adults . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 ( 1 ) : 70 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nulsen , C. E. , Fox , A. M. and Hammond , G. R. 2010 . Differential effects of ecstasy on short-term and working memory: A meta-analysis . Neuropsychology Review , 20 : 21 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrocki , J. , Buchert , R. , Vaterlein , O. , Thomasius , R. , Beyer , W. and Schiemann , T. 1999 . Ecstasy—Long term effects on the human central nervous system revealed by positron emission tomography . British Journal of Psychiatry , 175 : 186 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piatt , A. L. , Fields , J. A. , Paolo , A. M. , Koller , W. C. and Tröster , A. I. 1999 . Lexical, semantic, and action verbal fluency in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 4 ) : 435 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piatt , A. L. , Fields , J. A. , Paolo , A. M. and Tröster , A. I. 1999 . Action (verb naming) fluency as an executive function measure: Convergent and divergent evidence of validity . Neuropsychologia , 37 : 1499 – 1503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psychological Corporation . 1997 . WAIS–III and WMS–III technical manual , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Psychological Corporation . 2001 . Wechsler Test of Adult Reading , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Ramaekers , J. G. , Kuypers , K. P. C. , Wingen , M. , Heinecke , A. and Formisano , E. 2009 . Involvement of inferior parietal lobules in prospective memory impairment during acute MDMA (ecstasy) intoxication: An event-related fMRI study . Neuropsychopharmacology , 34 : 1641 – 1648 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raskin , S. A. 2009 . Memory for intentions screening test: Psychometric properties and clinical evidence . Brain Impairment , 10 : 23 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin , S. , Buckheit , C. and Sherrod , C. 2010 . MIST Memory for Intentions Test professional manual , Lutz, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Raskin , S. A. , Woods , S. P. , Poquette , A. J. , McTaggart , A. B. , Sethna , J. Williams , R. C. 2011 . A differential deficit in time- versus event-based prospective memory in Parkinson's disease . Neuropsychology , 25 ( 2 ) : 201 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 1985 . The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation , Tucson, AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rendell , P. , Gray , T. , Henry , J. and Tolan , A. 2007 . Prospective memory impairment in “ecstasy” (MDMA) users . Psychopharmacology , 194 : 497 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , J. , Buchanan , T. , Scholey , A. B. , Heffernan , T. M. , Ling , J. and Parrott , A. 2001 . Differential effects of ecstasy and cannabis on self-reports of memory ability: A web based study . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 16 : 619 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , J. , Buchanan , T. , Scholey , A. B. , Heffernan , T. M. , Ling , J. and Parrott , A. 2003 . Patterns of drug use and the influence of gender on self-reports of memory ability in ecstasy users: A web-based study . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 17 : 389 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnick , G. and Wall , S. C. 1992 . The molecular mechanism of ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)]—Serotonin transporters are targets for MDMA-induced serotonin release . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 89 : 1817 – 1821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , M. 1996 . Rey Auditory and Verbal Learning Test: A handbook , Los Angeles, CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J. C. , Woods , S. P. , Matt , G. E. , Meyer , R. A. , Heaton , R. K. Atkinson , J. H. 2007 . Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and meta-analysis . Neuropsychology Review , 17 : 275 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner , H. A. 2001 . “ Assessment of substance abuse: Drug Abuse Screening Test ” . In Encyclopedia of drugs, alcohol and addictive behavior , 2nd , Edited by: Carson-DeWitt , R. 147 – 148 . Durham, NC : Macmillan Reference USA .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , G. V. , Della Sala , S. , Logie , R. H. and Maylor , E. A. 2000 . Prospective and retrospective memory in normal ageing and dementia: A questionnaire study . Memory , 8 : 311 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumnall , H. and Cole , J. 2005 . Self-reported depressive symptomatology in community samples of polysubstance misusers who report Ecstasy use: A meta-analysis . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 19 ( 1 ) : 84 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay , S. Y. , Ang , B. T. , Lau , X. Y. , Meyyappan , A. and Collinson , S. L. 2010 . Chronic impairment of prospective memory after mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Neurotrauma , 27 : 77 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenerry , M. R. 1989 . Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Twamley , E. W. , Woods , S. P. , Zurhellen , C. H. , Vertinski , M. , Narvaez , J. M. Mausbach , B. T. 2008 . Neuropsychological substrates and everyday functioning implications of prospective memory impairment in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 106 : 42 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , J. , Hall , K. and Haslam , C. 2006 . Patterns of memory dysfunction in current and 2-year abstinent MDMA users . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 : 306 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wixted , J. T. and Ebbeson , E. B. 1991 . On the form of forgetting . Psychological Science , 2 : 409 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , S. P. , Iudicello , J. E. , Moran , L. M. , Carey , C. L. , Dawson , M. S. Grant , I. 2008 . HIV-associated prospective memory impairment increases risk of dependence in everyday functioning . Neuropsychology , 22 : 110 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , S. P. , Moran , L. M. , Dawson , M. S. , Carey , C. L. , Grant , I. and The HNRC Group . 2008 . Psychometric characteristics of the Memory for Intentions Screening Test . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 22 : 864 – 878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , S. P. , Weber , E. , Weisz , B. M. , Twamley , E. W. and Grant , I. 2011 . Prospective memory deficits are associated with unemployment in persons living with HIV infection . Rehabilitation Psychology , 56 : 77 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , B. K. , Moszczynska , A. and Gudelsky , G. 2010 . Amphetamine toxicities: Classical and emerging mechanisms. Addiction Reviews 2 . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1187 : 101 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip , J. T. H. and Lee , T. M. C. 2005 . Effect of ecstasy use on neuropsychological function: A study in Hong Kong . Psychopharmacology , 179 : 620 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis , K. K. , Campbell , Z. and Jovanovski , D. 2007 . The neuropsychology of MDMA use: A quantitative review . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 22 : 427 – 435 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zakzanis , K. K. , Young , D. A. and Campbell , Z. 2003 . Recreational MDMA (“ecstasy”) users exhibit deficits in episodic prospective memory . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 : 92 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Zogg , J. , Woods , S. P. , Doyle , K. , Weber , E. , Grant , I. and The HNRC Group . 2011 . Are time- and event-based prospective memory comparably affected in HIV infection? . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 26 : 250 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zogg , J. , Woods , S. P. , Sauceda , J. A. , Weibe , J. M. and Simone , J. S. 2011 . The role of prospective memory in medication adherence: A critical review of an emerging literature . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , Advance online publication doi: doi: 10.1007/s10865-011-9341-9
   Google Scholar