Disentangling working memory processes during spatial span assessment: A modeling analysis of preferred eye movement strategies

REFERENCES

• Ang, S. Y., & Lee, K. (2008). Central executive involvement in children’s spatial memory. Memory, 16, 918–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awh, E., Armstrong, K. M., & Moore, T. (2006). Visual and oculomotor selection: Links, causes and implications for spatial attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 124–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awh, E., & Jonides, J. (2001). Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awh, E., Jonides, J., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (1998). Rehearsal in spatial working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 780–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (pp. 47–89). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Batchelder, W. H. (2010). Cognitive psychometrics: Using multinomial processing tree models as measurement tools. In S. E. Embretson (Ed.), Measuring psychological constructs: Advances in model-based approaches (pp. 71–93). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Behrens, F., & Weiss, L.-R. (1992). An algorithm separating saccadic from nonsaccadic eye movements automatically by use of the acceleration signal. Vision Research, 32, 889–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berch, D. B., Krikorian, R., & Huha, E. M. (1998). The Corsi Block-Tapping Task: Methodological and theoretical considerations. Brain and Cognition, 38, 317–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, G. G., Turner, T., Mano, Q. R., Bolden, K., & Thomas, M. L. (2013). Experimental manipulation of working memory model parameters: An exercise in construct validity. Psychological Assessment, 25, 844–858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruel-Jungerman, E., Davis, S., & Laroche, S. (2007). Brain plasticity mechanisms and memory: A party of four. Neuroscientist, 13, 492–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon, T. D., Huttunen, M. O., Lönnqvist, J., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Pirkola, T., Glahn, D.,… Kaprio, J. (2000). The inheritance of neuropsychological dysfunction in twins discordant for schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, 369–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantone, G., Orsini, A., Grossi, D., & DeMichele, G. (1978). Verbal and spatial memory span in dementia. Acta Neurologica, 33, 175–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carpenter, R. H. S., & Williams, M. L. L. (1995). Neural computation of log likelihood in the control of saccadic eye movements. Nature, 377, 59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, C. D., & Mattingley, J. B. (2005). Neurodisruption of selective attention: Insights and implications. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 542–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsi, P. M. (1972). Memory and the medial temporal region of the brain (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). McGill University, Montreal, QC.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded-processes model of working memory. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 62–101). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, C. E., Rao, V. Y., & D’Esposito, M. (2004). Maintenance of spatial and motor codes during oculomotor delayed response tasks. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 3944–3952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Sala, S., Gray, C., Baddeley, A. D., Allamano, N., & Wilson, L. (1999). Pattern span: A tool for unwelding visuo-spatial memory. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1189–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Esposito, M. (2007). From cognitive to neural models of working memory. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, 362, 761–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devadoss, S. L., & O’Rourke, J. (2011). Discrete and computational geometry. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, M., Hastings, N., & Peacock, B. (2000). Statistical distributions. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2001). Computational modeling in cognition: Principles and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell Pagulayan, K., Busch, R. M., Medina, K. L., Bartok, J., & Krikorian, R. (2006). Developmental normative data for the Corsi Block-Tapping Task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1043–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funahashi, S., Bruce, C. J., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989). Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey’s dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 61, 331–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster, J. M., & Alexander, G. E. (1971). Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science, 173, 652–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, S., Myerson, J., Rhee, S. H., Weiss, C. S., & Abrams, R. A. (1996). Selective interference with the maintenance of location information in working memory. Neuropsychology, 10, 228–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel, T. R. (2012). Next-generation treatments for mental disorders. Science Translational Medicine, 4, 155s19.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. (1982). The functional equivalence of imagery and movement. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 34, 349–365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan, E. (1988). A process approach to neuropsychological assessment. In T. Boll & B. K. Bryant (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice (pp. 127–167). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kessels, R. P. C., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., Postma, A., Kappelle, L. J., & de Haan, E. H. (2000). The Corsi Block-Tapping Task: Standardization and normative data. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 252–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klingberg, T. (2010). Training and plasticity of working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 317–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagarias, J. C., Reeds, J. A., Wright, M. H., & Wright, P. E. (1998). Convergence properties of the Nelder-Mead simplex method in low dimensions. SIAM Journal of Optimization, 9, 112–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, B. M., Myerson, J., & Abrams, R. A. (2004). Interference with spatial working memory: An eye movement is more than a shift of attention. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 11, 488–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig, C. J. H., Farrell, S., Ellis, L. A., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2009). The mechanism underlying inhibition of saccadic return. Cognitive Psychology, 59, 180–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. The Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, B. (1971). Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. British Medical Bulletin, 27, 272–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsini, A., Chiacchio, L., Cinque, M., Cocchiaro, C., Schiappa, O., & Grossi, D. (1986). Effects of age, education and sex on two tests of immediate memory: A study of normal subjects from 20 to 99 years of age. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63, 727–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmentier, F. B. R., Elford, G., & Maybery, M. (2005). Transitional information in spatial serial memory: Path characteristics affect recall performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 412–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passolunghi, M. C., & Mammarella, I. C. (2010). Spatial and visual working memory ability in children with difficulties in arithmetic word problem solving. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 22, 944–963.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, D. G., & Sahraie, A. (2003). Oculomotor control and the maintenance of spatially and temporally distributed events in visuo-spatial working memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 56, 1089–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postle, B. R., Idzikowski, C., Della Sala, S., Logie, R. H., & Baddeley, A. D. (2006). The selective disruption of spatial working memory by eye movements. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 100–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psychological Corporation. (1997). WAIS-III–WMS-III technical manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. (1995). Eye movements and cognitive processes in reading, visual search, and scene perception. In J. M. Findlay, R. Walker, & R. W. Kentridge (Eds.), Eye movement research: Mechanisms, processes, and applications (Vol. 6, pp. 3–22). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.
   Google Scholar
• Repovš, G., & Baddeley, A. D. (2006). The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, 139, 5–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvucci, D. D., & Goldberg, J. H. (2000). Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. In Proceedings of the Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium (pp. 71–78). New York, NY: ACM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smyth, M. M. (1996). Interference with rehearsal in spatial working memory in the absence of eye movements. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 49, 940–949.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smyth, M. M., Pearson, N. A., & Pendleton, L. R. (1988). Movement and working memory: Patterns and positions in space. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 40, 497–514.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smyth, M. M., & Scholey, K. A. (1994). Interference in spatial immediate memory. Memory & Cognition, 22, 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, E. V., Sagar, H. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1989). Different cognitive profiles on standard behavioral tests in Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 799–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theeuwes, J., Olivers, C. N. L., & Chizk, C. L. (2005). Remembering a location makes the eyes curve away. Psychological Science, 16, 196–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, M. L., Brown, G. G., Gur, R. C., Hansen, J. A., Nock, M. K., Heeringa, S.,… Stein, M. B. (2013). Parallel psychometric and cognitive modeling analyses of the Penn Face Memory Test: Test score validity in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35, 225–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, S., Saint-Aubin, J., & Jalbert, A. (2006). Rehearsal in serial memory for visual-spatial information: Evidence from eye movements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 452–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandierendonck, A., Kemps, E., Fastame, M. C., & Szmalec, A. (2004). Working memory components of the Corsi blocks task. British Journal of Psychology, 95, 57–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertheimer, M. (1923). Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt II [Laws of organization in perceptual forms]. Psychologische Forschung, 4, 301–350.
   Google Scholar
• Widdel, H. (1984). Operational problems in analyzing eye movements. In A. G. Gale & F. Johnson (Eds.), Theoretical and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 21–29). New York, NY: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M., Pouget, P., Boucher, L., & Woodman, G. F. (2013). Visual-spatial attention aids the maintenance of object representations in visual working memory. Memory & Cognition, 41, 698–715.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2009). Sudden death and gradual decay in visual working memory. Psychological Sciences, 20, 423–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar