343
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Decision making under explicit risk is impaired in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

, , , &
Pages 733-750 | Received 12 Mar 2015, Accepted 28 May 2015, Published online: 24 Jul 2015

REFERENCES

  • Aklin, W. M., Lejuez, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Kahler, C. W., & Gwadz, M. (2005). Evaluation of behavioral measures of risk taking propensity with inner city adolescents. Behavior Research & Therapy, 43(2), 215–228. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.007
  • Anand, P., Springer, S. A., Copenhaver, M. M., & Altice, F. L. (2010). Neurocognitive impairment and HIV risk factors: A reciprocal relationship. AIDS and Behavior, 14(6), 1213–1226. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9684-1
  • Antinori, A., Arendt, G., Becker, J. T., Brew, B. J., Byrd, D. A., Cherner, M., … Wojna, V. E. (2007). Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology, 69(18), 1789–1799. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b
  • Arentoft, A., Thames, A. D., Panos, S., Patel, S., & Hinkin, C. H. (2013). A deconstruction of gambling task performance among HIV+ individuals: The differential contributions of problem solving and risk taking. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(10), 1036–1047. doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.848842
  • Bar-On, R., Tranel, D., Denburg, N. L., & Bechara, A. (2003). Exploring the neurological substrate of emotional and social intelligence. Brain, 126, 1790–1800. doi:10.1093/brain/awg177
  • Barry, D., & Petry, N. M. (2008). Predictors of decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task: Independent effects of lifetime history of substance use disorders and performance on the Trail Making Test. Brain and Cognition, 66(3), 243–252. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.09.001
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1–3), 7–15.
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Damasio, A. R., & Lee, G. P. (1999). Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(13), 5473–5481.
  • Bechara, A., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2000). Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain, 123, 2189–2202.
  • Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002). The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(2), 69–77.
  • Bornovalova, M. A., Gwadz, M. A., Kahler, C., Aklin, W. M., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008). Sensation seeking and risk-taking propensity as mediators in the relationship between childhood abuse and HIV-related risk behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(1), 99–109. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.04.009
  • Brand, M. (2008). Does the feedback from previous trials influence current decisions? A study on the role of feedback processing in making decisions under explicit risk conditions. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2(2), 431–443.
  • Brand, M., Franke-Sievert, C., Jacoby, G. E., Markowitsch, H. J., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2007). Neuropsychological correlates of decision making in patients with bulimia nervosa. Neuropsychology, 21(6), 742–750. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.6.742
  • Brand, M., Fujiwara, E., Borsutzky, S., Kalbe, E., Kessler, J., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2005). Decision-making deficits of Korsakoff patients in a new gambling task with explicit rules: Associations with executive functions. Neuropsychology, 19(3), 267–277.
  • Brand, M., Kalbe, E., Labudda, K., Fujiwara, E., Kessler, J., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2005). Decision-making impairments in patients with pathological gambling. Psychiatry Research, 133(1), 91–99. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.10.003
  • Brand, M., Labudda, K., Kalbe, E., Hilker, R., Emmans, D., Fuchs, G., … Markowitsch, H. J. (2004). Decision-making impairments in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Behavioural Neurology, 15(3–4), 77–85.
  • Brand, M., Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2009). Decision making with and without feedback: The role of intelligence, strategies, executive functions, and cognitive styles. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(8), 984–998. doi:10.1080/13803390902776860
  • Brand, M., Recknor, E. C., Grabenhorst, F., & Bechara, A. (2007). Decisions under ambiguity and decisions under risk: Correlations with executive functions and comparisons of two different gambling tasks with implicit and explicit rules. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(1), 86–99. doi:10.1080/13803390500507196
  • Brand, M., Roth-Bauer, M., Driessen, M., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2008). Executive functions and risky decision-making in patients with opiate dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 97(1–2), 64–72. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.017
  • Brand, M., & Schiebener, J. (2013). Interactions of age and cognitive functions in predicting decision making under risky conditions over the life span. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(1), 9–23. doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.740000
  • Brand, M., Schiebener, J., Pertl, M. T., & Delazer, M. (2014). Know the risk, take the win: How executive functions and probability processing influence advantageous decision making under risk conditions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(9), 914–929. doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.955783
  • Brandt, J., Rogerson, M., Al-Joudi, H., Reckess, G., Shpritz, B., Umeh, C. C., … Mari, Z. (2015). Betting on DBS: Effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on risk taking and decision making in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 29(4), 622–631. doi:10.1037/neu0000164
  • Brew, B. J., & Letendre, S. L. (2008). Biomarkers of HIV related central nervous system disease. International Review of Psychiatry, 20(1), 73–88. doi:10.1080/09540260701878082
  • Buelow, M. T., & Suhr, J. A. (2009). Construct validity of the Iowa Gambling Task. Neuropsychology Review, 19(1), 102–114. doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9083-4
  • Ciccarelli, N., Fabbiani, M., Grima, P., Falasca, K., Tana, M., Baldonero, E., … Di Giambenedetto, S. (2013). Comparison of cognitive performance in HIV or HCV mono-infected and HIV-HCV co-infected patients. Infection, 41(6), 1103–1109. doi:10.1007/s15010-013-0503-2
  • Clifford, D. B., Vaida, F., Kao, Y. T., Franklin, D. R., Letendre, S. L., Collier, A. C., … Group, C. (2015). Absence of neurocognitive effect of hepatitis C infection in HIV-coinfected people. Neurology, 84(3), 241–250. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001156
  • Connolly, C. G., Bischoff-Grethe, A., Jordan, S. J., Woods, S. P., Ellis, R. J., Paulus, M. P., … Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC) Group. (2014). Altered functional response to risky choice in HIV infection. PLoS One, 9(10), e111583. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111583
  • Delazer, M., Sinz, H., Zamarian, L., & Benke, T. (2007). Decision-making with explicit and stable rules in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 45(8), 1632–1641.
  • Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Donati, M. A., Panno, A., Chiesi, F., & Primi, C. (2014). A mediation model to explain decision making under conditions of risk among adolescents: The role of fluid intelligence and probabilistic reasoning. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(6), 588–595. doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.918091
  • Dunn, B. D., Dalgleish, T., & Lawrence, A. D. (2006). The somatic marker hypothesis: A critical evaluation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(2), 239–271. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.07.001
  • Ellis, R. J., Badiee, J., Vaida, F., Letendre, S., Heaton, R. K., Clifford, D., … Group, C. (2011). CD4 nadir is a predictor of HIV neurocognitive impairment in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. Aids, 25(14), 1747–1751. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834a40cd
  • Ellis, R. J., Langford, D., & Masliah, E. (2007). HIV and antiretroviral therapy in the brain: Neuronal injury and repair. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 8(1), 33–44. doi:10.1038/nrn2040
  • Euteneuer, F., Schaefer, F., Stuermer, R., Boucsein, W., Timmermann, L., Barbe, M. T., … Kalbe, E. (2009). Dissociation of decision-making under ambiguity and decision-making under risk in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A neuropsychological and psychophysiological study. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2882–2890. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.014
  • Gleichgerrcht, E., Ibanez, A., Roca, M., Torralva, T., & Manes, F. (2010). Decision-making cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 6(11), 611–623. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.148
  • Grice, K. O., Vogel, K. A., Le, V., Mitchell, A., Muniz, S., & Vollmer, M. A. (2003). Adult norms for a commercially available Nine Hole Peg Test for finger dexterity. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57(5), 570–573. doi:10.5014/ajot.57.5.570
  • Gronwall, D. M. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44(2), 367–373. doi:10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367
  • Hannay, H. J., & Levin, H. S. (1985). Selective Reminding Test: An examination of the equivalence of four forms. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7(3), 251–263. doi:10.1080/016886385084012583998090
  • Hanson, K. L., Luciana, M., & Sullwold, K. (2008). Reward-related decision-making deficits and elevated impulsivity among MDMA and other drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96(1–2), 99–110. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.02.003
  • Hardy, D. J., Hinkin, C. H., Levine, A. J., Castellon, S. A., & Lam, M. N. (2006). Risky decision making assessed with the gambling task in adults with HIV. Neuropsychology, 20(3), 355–360. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.3.355
  • Heaton, R. K., Clifford, D. B., Franklin, D. R., Jr., Woods, S. P., Ake, C., Vaida, F., … Group, C. (2010). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study. Neurology, 75(23), 2087–2096. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727
  • Heeren, M., Weissenborn, K., Arvanitis, D., Bokemeyer, M., Goldbecker, A., Tountopoulou, A., … Berding, G. (2011). Cerebral glucose utilisation in hepatitis C virus infection-associated encephalopathy. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 31(11), 2199–2208. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.82
  • Hilsabeck, R. C., Castellon, S. A., & Hinkin, C. H. (2005). Neuropsychological aspects of coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41(Suppl. 1), S38–S44. doi:10.1086/429494
  • Hinkin, C. H., Castellon, S. A., Levine, A. J., Barclay, T. R., & Singer, E. J. (2008). Neurocognition in individuals co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 27(2), 11–17. doi:10.1300/J069v27n02_02
  • Institute of Medicine. (Ed.). (2010). Evaluation of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in chronic disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Iudicello, J. E., Woods, S. P., Cattie, J. E., Doyle, K., Grant, I., & The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) Group. (2013). Risky decision-making in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(2), 256–275. doi:10.1080/13854046.2012.740077
  • Kipnis, J., Derecki, N. C., Yang, C., & Scrable, H. (2008). Immunity and cognition: What do age-related dementia, HIV-dementia and “chemo-brain” have in common? Trends in Immunology, 29(10), 455–463. doi:10.1016/j.it.2008.07.007
  • Kjome, K. L., Lane, S. D., Schmitz, J. M., Green, C., Ma, L., Prasla, I., … Moeller, F. G. (2010). Relationship between impulsivity and decision making in cocaine dependence. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 299–304. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.024
  • Kongs, S. K., Thompson, L. L., Iverson, G. L., & Heaton, R. K. (2000). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test—64 card version: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Labudda, K., Frigge, K., Horstmann, S., Aengenendt, J., Woermann, F. G., Ebner, A., … Brand, M. (2009). Decision making in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia, 47(1), 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.014
  • Larrabee, G. J., Trahan, D. E., & Levin, H. S. (2000). Normative data for a six-trial administration of the Verbal Selective Reminding Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14(1), 110–118. doi:10.1076/1385-4046%28200002%2914:1;1-8;FT11010855064
  • Maia, T. V., & McClelland, J. L. (2004). A reexamination of the evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis: What participants really know in the Iowa Gambling Task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(45), 16075–16080. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406666101
  • Marcotte, T. D., Deutsch, R., McCutchan, J. A., Moore, D. J., Letendre, S., Ellis, R. J., … San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) Group. (2003). Prediction of incident neurocognitive impairment by plasma HIV RNA and CD4 levels early after HIV seroconversion. Archives of Neurology, 60(10), 1406–1412. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1406
  • Martin, E. M., DeHaan, S., Vassileva, J., Gonzalez, R., Weller, J., & Bechara, A. (2013). Decision making among HIV+ drug using men who have sex with men: A preliminary report from the Chicago Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(6), 573–583. doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.799122
  • Martin, E. M., Pitrak, D. L., Weddington, W., Rains, N. A., Nunnally, G., Nixon, H., … Bechara, A. (2004). Cognitive impulsivity and HIV serostatus in substance dependent males. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(7), 931–938.
  • Mathiowetz, V., Weber, K., Kashman, N., & Volland, G. (1985). Adult norms for the Nine Hole Peg Test of finger dexterity. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 5(1), 24–33.
  • Matthies, S., Philipsen, A., & Svaldi, J. (2012). Risky decision making in adults with ADHD. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(3), 938–946. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.02.002
  • McArthur, J. C., Brew, B. J., & Nath, A. (2005). Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurology, 4(9), 543–555. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70165-4
  • McCombe, J. A., Vivithanaporn, P., Gill, M. J., & Power, C. (2013). Predictors of symptomatic HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in universal health care. HIV Medicine, 14(2), 99–107. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01043.x
  • Meyers, J. E., & Meyers, K. R. (1995). Rey Complex Figure Test under four different administration procedures. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(1), 63–67.
  • Mitrushina, M. (2005). Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
  • Mohsen, A. H., Easterbrook, P., Taylor, C. B., & Norris, S. (2002). Hepatitis C and HIV-1 coinfection. Gut, 51(4), 601–608.
  • Nightingale, S., Winston, A., Letendre, S., Michael, B. D., McArthur, J. C., Khoo, S., & Solomon, T. (2014). Controversies in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Lancet Neurology, 13(11), 1139–1151. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70137-1
  • Osterrieth, P. A. (1944). Filetest de copie d'une figure complexe: Contribution à l’étude de la perception et de la mémoire [The test of copying a complex figure: A contribution to the study of perception and memory]. Archives de Psychologie, 30, 286–356.
  • Radjavi, A., Smirnov, I., Derecki, N., & Kipnis, J. (2014). Dynamics of the meningeal CD4(+) T-cell repertoire are defined by the cervical lymph nodes and facilitate cognitive task performance in mice. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(5), 531–533. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.79
  • Robinson-Papp, J., Elliott, K. J., & Simpson, D. M. (2009). HIV-related neurocognitive impairment in the HAART era. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 6(3), 146–152.
  • Sacktor, N., & Robertson, K. (2014). Evolving clinical phenotypes in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 9(6), 517–520. doi:10.1097/COH.0000000000000102
  • Schiebener, J., & Brand, M. (2015). Decision making under objective risk conditions—A review of cognitive and emotional correlates, strategies, feedback processing, and external influences. Neuropsychology Review, 25, 171–198. doi:10.1007/s11065-015-9285-x
  • Schiebener, J., Garcia-Arias, M., Garcia-Villamisar, D., Cabanyes-Truffino, J., & Brand, M. (2014). Developmental changes in decision making under risk: The role of executive functions and reasoning abilities in 8- to 19-year-old decision makers. Child Neuropsychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.934216
  • Schiebener, J., Zamarian, L., Delazer, M., & Brand, M. (2011). Executive functions, categorization of probabilities, and learning from feedback: What does really matter for decision making under explicit risk conditions? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(9), 1025–1039. doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.595702
  • Schneider, E., Whitmore, S., Glynn, K. M., Dominguez, K., Mitsch, A., & McKenna, M. T. (2008). Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years—United States, 2008. MMWR Recommendation Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 57(RR–10), 1–12.
  • Starcke, K., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Markowitsch, H. J., & Brand, M. (2010). Dissociation of decisions in ambiguous and risky situations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 175(1–2), 114–120. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.022
  • Sun, B., Abadjian, L., Rempel, H., Monto, A., & Pulliam, L. (2013). Differential cognitive impairment in HCV coinfected men with controlled HIV compared to HCV monoinfection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 62(2), 190–196. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31827b61f1
  • Svaldi, J., Brand, M., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2010). Decision-making impairments in women with binge eating disorder. Appetite, 54(1), 84–92. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.09.010
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson.
  • Thames, A. D., Castellon, S. A., Singer, E. J., Nagarajan, R., Sarma, M. K., Smith, J., … Hinkin, C. H. (2015). Neuroimaging abnormalities, neurocognitive function, and fatigue in patients with hepatitis C. Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 2(1), e59. doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000059
  • Thames, A. D., Streiff, V., Patel, S. M., Panos, S. E., Castellon, S. A., & Hinkin, C. H. (2012). The role of HIV infection, cognition, and depression in risky decision-making. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 24(3), 340–348. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11110340
  • Vassileva, J., Ahn, W. Y., Weber, K. M., Busemeyer, J. R., Stout, J. C., Gonzalez, R., & Cohen, M. H. (2013). Computational modeling reveals distinct effects of HIV and history of drug use on decision-making processes in women. PLoS One, 8(8), e68962. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068962
  • Verdejo-Garcia, A., Benbrook, A., Funderburk, F., David, P., Cadet, J. L., & Bolla, K. I. (2007). The differential relationship between cocaine use and marijuana use on decision-making performance over repeat testing with the Iowa Gambling Task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(1), 2–11. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.004
  • Wardle, M. C., Gonzalez, R., Bechara, A., & Martin-Thormeyer, E. M. (2010). Iowa Gambling Task performance and emotional distress interact to predict risky sexual behavior in individuals with dual substance and HIV diagnoses. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(10), 1110–1121. doi:10.1080/13803391003757833
  • Weber, E., Blackstone, K., & Woods, S. P. (2013). Cognitive neurorehabilitation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: A qualitative review and call to action. Neuropsychology Review, 23(1), 81–98. doi:10.1007/s11065-013-9225-6
  • Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Weller, J. A., Levin, I. P., Shiv, B., & Bechara, A. (2007). Neural correlates of adaptive decision making for risky gains and losses. Psychological Science, 18(11), 958–964. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02009.x
  • Woods, S. P., Moore, D. J., Weber, E., & Grant, I. (2009). Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychology Review, 19(2), 152–168. doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9102-5
  • Wu, A. W., Revicki, D. A., Jacobson, D., & Malitz, F. E. (1997). Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV). Quality of Life Research, 6(6), 481–493.
  • Xue, G., Lu, Z., Levin, I. P., & Bechara, A. (2011). An fMRI study of risk-taking following wins and losses: Implications for the gambler’s fallacy. Human Brain Mapping, 32(2), 271–281. doi:10.1002/hbm.21015
  • Zachary, R. A., Paulson, M. J., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1985). Estimating WAIS IQ from the Shipley Institute of Living Scale using continuously adjusted age norms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41(6), 820–831. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198511)41:6<820::AID-JCLP2270410616>3.0.CO;2-X
  • Zhang, L., Dong, Y., Ji, Y., Zhu, C., Yu, F., Ma, H., … Wang, K. (2015). Dissociation of decision making under ambiguity and decision making under risk: A neurocognitive endophenotype candidate for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 57, 60–68. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.09.005
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.