References
- Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., … Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(3), 270–279. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008
- Arnold, S. E., Hyman, B. T., Flory, J., Damasio, A. R., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1991). The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Cerebral Cortex, 1(1), 103–116. doi:10.1093/cercor/1.1.103
- Bahar-Fuchs, A., Moss, S., Rowe, C., & Savage, G. (2011). Awareness of olfactory deficits in healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(07), 1097–1106. doi:10.1017/S1041610210002371
- Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making, and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295–307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
- Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275(5304), 1293–1295. doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293
- Beck, A., Steer, R., & Brown, G. (1996). Beck depression inventory-II manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
- Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
- Bennett, D., Schneider, J., Bienias, J., Evans, D., & Wilson, R. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment is related to Alzheimer disease pathology and cerebral infarctions. Neurology, 64(5), 834–841. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000152982.47274.9E
- Bohnen, N. I., Muller, M. L., Kotagal, V., Koeppe, R. A., Kilbourn, M. A., Albin, R. L., & Frey, K. A. (2010). Olfactory dysfunction, central cholinergic integrity and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 133, 1747–1754. doi:10.1093/brain/awq079
- Braak, H., & Bra Ak, E. (1991). Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologica, 82(4), 239–259. doi:10.1007/BF00308809
- Buchanan, T. W. (2007). Retrieval of emotional memories. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 761–779. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.761
- Buchanan, T. W., & Lovallo, W. R. (2001). Enhanced memory for emotional material following stress-level cortisol treatment in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26(3), 307–317. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00058-5
- Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., & Adolphs, R. (2003). A specific role for the human amygdala in olfactory memory. Learning & Memory, 10(5), 319–325. doi:10.1101/lm.62303
- Choudhury, E. S., Moberg, P., & Doty, R. L. (2003). Influences of age and sex on a microencapsulated odor memory test. Chemical Senses, 28(9), 799–805.
- Chu, S., & Downes, J. J. (2002). Proust nose best: Odors are better cues of autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition, 30(4), 511–518. doi:10.3758/BF03194952
- Clark, L., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Aitken, M., Sahakian, B., & Robbins, T. (2008). Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making. Brain, 131, 1311–1322. doi:10.1093/brain/awn066
- Clark, L., & Manes, F. (2004). Social and emotional decision-making following frontal lobe injury. Neurocase, 10(5), 398–403. doi:10.1080/13554790490882799
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Conti, M. Z., Vicini-Chilovi, B., Riva, M., Zanetti, M., Liberini, P., Padovani, A., & Rozzini, L. (2013). Odor identification deficit predicts clinical conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(5), 391–399. doi:10.1093/arclin/act032
- Dade, L. A., Jones-Gotman, M., Zatorre, R. J., & Evans, A. C. (1998). Human brain function during odor encoding and recognition: A PET activation study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 855, 572–574. doi:10.1111/nyas.1998.855.issue-1
- Delazer, M., Sinz, H., Zamarian, L., & Benke, T. (2007). Decision-making with explicit and stable rules in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 45(8), 1632–1641. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.006
- DeRenzo, E. G., Conley, R. R., & Love, R. (1998). Assessment of capacity to give consent to research participation: State-of-the-art and beyond. Journal of Health Care Law and Policy, 1(1), 66–87.
- Devanand, D. P., Lee, S., Manly, J., Andrews, H., Schupf, N., Doty, R. L., … Mayeux, R. (2015). Olfactory deficits predict cognitive decline and Alzheimer dementia in an urban community. Neurology, 84(2), 182–189. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001132
- Devanand, D. P., Michaels-Marston, K. S., Liu, X., Pelton, G. H., Padilla, M., Marder, K., … Mayeux, R. (2000). Olfactory deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment predict Alzheimer’s disease at follow-up. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(9), 1399–1405. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.9.1399
- Devanand, D. P., Tabert, M. H., Cuasay, K., Manly, J. J., Schupf, N., Brickman, A. M., … Mayeux, R. (2010). Olfactory identification deficits and MCI in a multi-ethnic elderly community sample. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(9), 1593–1600. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.008
- Djordjevic, J., Jones-Gotman, M., De Sousa, K., & Chertkow, H. (2008). Olfaction in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 29(5), 693–706. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.014
- Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2004). Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron, 42(5), 855–863. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00289-2
- Doty, R. L. (1983). The smell identification test administration manual. Haddon Heights, NJ: Sensonics.
- Doty, R. L. (2003). The odor memory test administration manual (2nd ed.). Haddon Heights, NJ: Sensonics.
- Doty, R. L. (2012). Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nature Reviews Neurology, 8(6), 329–339. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.80
- Doty, R. L., McKeown, D. A., Lee, W. W., & Shaman, P. (1995). A study of the test-retest reliability of ten olfactory tests. Chemical Senses, 20(6), 645–656. doi:10.1093/chemse/20.6.645
- Doty, R. L., Reyes, P. F., & Gregor, T. (1987). Presence of both odor identification and detection deficits in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Research Bulletin, 18(5), 597–600. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(87)90129-8
- Doty, R. L., Riklan, M., Deems, D. A., Reynolds, C., & Stellar, S. (1989). The olfactory and cognitive deficits of Parkinson’s disease: Evidence for independence. Annals of Neurology, 25(2), 166–171. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8249
- Doty, R. L., Kisat, M., & Tourbier, I. (2008). Estrogen replacement therapy induces functional asymmetry on an odor memory/discrimination test. Brain Research, 1214, 35–39. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.017
- Eibenstein, A., Fioretti, A., Simaskou, M., Sucapane, P., Mearelli, S., Mina, C., … Fusetti, M. (2005). Olfactory screening test in mild cognitive impairment. Neurological Sciences, 26(3), 156–160. doi:10.1007/s10072-005-0453-2
- Eichenbaum, H. (1998). Using olfaction to study memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 855(1), 657–669. doi:10.1111/nyas.1998.855.issue-1
- Fujie, S., Namiki, C., Nishi, H., Yamada, M., Miyata, J., Sakata, D., … Murai, T. (2008). The role of the uncinate fasciculus in memory and emotional recognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 26(5), 432–439. doi:10.1159/000165381
- Fusetti, M., Fioretti, A. B., Silvagni, F., Simaskou, M., Sucapane, P., Necozione, S., & Eibenstein, A. (2010). Smell and preclinical Alzheimer disease: Study of 29 patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, 39(2), 175–181.
- Goodrich-Hunsaker, N. J., Gilbert, P. E., & Hopkins, R. O. (2009). The role of the human hippocampus in odor–place associative memory. Chemical Senses, 34(6), 513–521. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjp026
- Hämäläinen, A., Tervo, S., Grau-Olivares, M., Niskanen, E., Pennanen, C., Huuskonen, J., … Soininen, H. (2007). Voxel-based morphometry to detect brain atrophy in progressive mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage, 37(4), 1122–1131. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.016
- Hamann, S. B., Monarch, E. S., & Goldstein, F. C. (2000). Memory enhancement for emotional stimuli is impaired in early Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 14(1), 82–92. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.14.1.82
- Hawkes, C. H. (2009). The neurology of olfaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hedner, M., Larsson, M., Arnold, N., Zucco, G. M., & Hummel, T. (2010). Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(10), 1062–1067. doi:10.1080/13803391003683070
- Herz, R. S. (1998). Are odors the best cues to memory? A cross-modal comparison of associative memory stimuli. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 855, 670–674. doi:10.1111/nyas.1998.855.issue-1
- Herz, R. S. (2004). A naturalistic analysis of autobiographical memories triggered by olfactory visual and auditory stimuli. Chemical Senses, 29(3), 217–224. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh025
- Herz, R. S., Eliassen, J., Beland, S., & Souza, T. (2004). Neuroimaging evidence for the emotional potency of odor-evoked memory. Neuropsychologia, 42(3), 371–378. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.009
- Jiang, R. S., Lu, F. J., Liang, K. L., Shiao, J. Y., Su, M. C., Hsin, C. H., & Chen, W. K. (2008). Olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. American Journal of Rhinology, 22(4), 445–448. doi:10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3195
- Kensinger, E. A., Brierley, B., Medford, N., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (2002). Effects of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease on emotional memory. Emotion, 2(2), 118–134. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.2.2.118
- Kesslak, J. P., Cotman, C. W., Chui, H. C., Van Den Noort, S., Fang, H., Pfeffer, R., & Lynch, G. (1988). Olfactory tests as possible probes for detecting and monitoring Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 9(4), 399–403. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(88)80087-3
- Konkel, A., & Cohen, N. J. (2009). Relational memory and the hippocampus: Representations and methods. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 3, 166–174. doi:10.3389/neuro.01.023.2009
- Koss, E. (1986). Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Developmental Neuropsychology, 2(2), 89–99. doi:10.1080/87565648609540332
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual (Technical Report A-8). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
- Lehrner, J., Pusswald, G., Gleiss, A., Auff, E., & Dal-Bianco, P. (2009). Odor identification and self-reported olfactory functioning in patients with subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(5), 818–830. doi:10.1080/13854040802585030
- Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., … Brown, R. A. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied, 8(2), 75–84. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.8.2.75
- Lojkowska, W., Sawicka, B., Gugala, M., Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, H., Bochynska, A., Scinska, A., … Ryglewicz, D. (2011). Follow-up study of olfactory deficits, cognitive functions, and volume loss of medial temporal lobe structures in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Current Alzheimer Research, 8(6), 689–698. doi:10.2174/156720511796717212
- Makizako, M., Makizako, H., Doi, T., Uemura, K., Tsutsumimoto, K., Miyaguchi, H., & Shimada, H. (2014). Olfactory identification and cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Chemical Senses, 39(1), 39–46. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjt052
- Makowska, I., Kloszewska, I., Grabowska, A., Szatkowska, I., & Rymarczyk, K. (2011). Olfactory deficits in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease in the polish elderly population. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26(3), 270–279. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr011
- Markesbery, W. R. (2010). Neuropathologic alterations in mild cognitive impairment: A review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 19(1), 221–228.
- McFarlane, J., Welch, J., & Rodgers, J. (2006). Severity of Alzheimer’s disease and effect on premorbid measures of intelligence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 453–464. doi:10.1348/014466505X71245
- McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., … Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(3), 263–269. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005
- Murphy, C., Gilmore, M. M., Seery, C. S., Salmon, D. P., & Lasker, B. R. (1990). Olfactory thresholds are associated with degree of dementia of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 11(4), 465–469. doi:10.1016/0197-4580(90)90014-Q
- Murphy, C., Nordin, S., & Acosta, L. (1997). Odor learning, recall, and recognition memory in young and elderly adults. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 126–137. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.11.1.126
- Murphy, C., Schubert, C. R., Cruickshanks, K. J., Klein, B. E., Klein, R., & Nondahl, D. M. (2002). Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(18), 2307–2312. doi:10.1001/jama.288.18.2307
- Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. doi:10.1111/jgs.2005.53.issue-4
- Naudin, M., Mondon, K., El-Hage, W., Desmidt, T., Jaafari, N., Belzung, C., … Atanasova, B. (2014). Long-term odor recognition memory in unipolar major depression and Alzheimer׳s disease. Psychiatry Research, 220(3), 861–866. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.050
- Nordin, S., Monsch, A. U., & Murphy, C. (1995). Unawareness of smell loss in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease: Discrepancy between self-reported and diagnosed smell sensitivity. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50B(4), P187–P192. doi:10.1093/geronb/50B.4.P187
- Postuma, R., & Gagnon, J. (2010). Cognition and olfaction in Parkinson’s disease [Letter to the editor]. Brain, 133, e160–e160. doi:10.1093/brain/awq225
- Rey, A. (1958). L’examen clinique en psychologie.
- Royall, D. R., Chiodo, L. K., Polk, M. J., & Jaramillo, C. J. (2002). Severe dysosmia is specifically associated with Alzheimer-like memory deficits in nondemented elderly retirees. Neuroepidemiology, 21(2), 68–73. doi:10.1159/000048619
- Savic, I. (2002). Imaging of brain activation by odorants in humans. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(4), 455–461. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00346-X
- Singh, V., Chertkow, H., Lerch, J. P., Evans, A. C., Dorr, A. E., & Kabani, N. J. (2006). Spatial patterns of cortical thinning in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain, 129(11), 2885–2893. doi:10.1093/brain/awl256
- Sinz, H., Zamarian, L., Benke, T., Wenning, G. K., & Delazer, M. (2008). Impact of ambiguity and risk on decision making in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 46(7), 2043–2055. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.002
- Strenziok, M., Pulaski, S., Krueger, F., Zamboni, G., Clawson, D., & Grafman, J. (2011). Regional brain atrophy and impaired decision making on the balloon analog risk task in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 24(2), 59–67. doi:10.1097/WNN.0b013e3182255a7c
- Tourbier, I. A., & Doty, R. L. (2007). Sniff magnitude test: Relationship to odor identification, detection, and memory tests in a clinic population. Chemical Senses, 32(6), 515–523. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjm020
- Vyhnalek, M., Magerova, H., Andel, R., Nikolai, T., Kadlecova, A., Laczo, J., & Hort, J. (2015). Olfactory identification in amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment and its neuropsychological correlates. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 349(1–2), 179–184. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.01.014
- Wang, J., Eslinger, P. J., Smith, M. B., & Yang, Q. X. (2005). Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of human olfaction and normal aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(4), 510–514. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.4.510
- Warner, M. D., Peabody, C. A., Flattery, J. J., & Tinklenberg, J. R. (1986). Olfactory deficits and Alzheimer’s disease. Biological Psychiatry, 21(1), 116–118. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(86)90013-2
- Wechsler, D. (2001). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: WTAR. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
- Whitwell, J. L., Shiung, M. M., Przybelski, S., Weigand, S. D., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., … Jack, C. R. (2008). MRI patterns of atrophy associated with progression to AD in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 70(7), 512–520. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000280575.77437.a2
- Willander, J., & Larsson, M. (2007). Olfaction and emotion: The case of autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition, 35(7), 1659–1663. doi:10.3758/BF03193499
- Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., Arnold, S. E., Tang, Y., Boyle, P. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2007). Olfactory identification and incidence of mild cognitive impairment in older age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(7), 802–808. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.802
- Zamarian, L., Weiss, E. M., & Delazer, M. (2011). The impact of mild cognitive impairment on decision making in two gambling tasks. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66B(1), 23–31. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq067