Computerized testing in Parkinson’s disease: Performance deficits in relation to standard clinical measures

References

• Aarsland, D., Bronnick, K., Williams-Gray, C., Weintraub, D., Marder, K., Kulisevsky, J., … Emre, M. (2010). Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: A multicenter pooled analysis. Neurology, 75(12), 1062–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarsland, D., Muniz, G., & Matthews, F. (2011). Nonlinear decline of mini-mental state examination in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 26(2), 334–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso, M. R., Bornstein, R. A., & Lang, J. M. (1999). Practice effects on commonly used measures of executive function across twelve months. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(3), 283–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002). The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. An updated literature review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(2), 69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10(4), 433–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brett, C. H. R., & Machado, L. (2017). Manual versus saccadic assessment of cognitive inhibition and switching in young and older adults. Psychological Assessment, 29(11), 1420–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G. W., & Mood, A. M. (1951). On median tests for linear hypotheses. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Berkeley, CA. Retrieved from http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bsmsp/1200500226
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, I. G., Watanabe, M., Pari, G., & Munoz, D. P. (2010). Executive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Response automaticity and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 48(7), 1948–1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, F., Armstrong, I. T., Pari, G., Riopelle, R. J., & Munoz, D. P. (2005). Deficits in saccadic eye-movement control in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 43(5), 784–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri, K. R., Pal, S., DiMarco, A., Whately-Smith, C., Bridgman, K., Mathew, R., … Trenkwalder, C. (2002). The Parkinson’s disease sleep scale: A new instrument for assessing sleep and nocturnal disability in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 73(6), 629–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri, K. R., & Schapira, A. H. (2009). Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: Dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Neurology, 8(5), 464–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collie, A., Maruff, P., McStephen, M., & Darby, D. G. (2003). Psychometric issues associated with computerised neuropsychological assessment of concussed athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(6), 556–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalrymple-Alford, J. C., MacAskill, M. R., Nakas, C. T., Livingston, L., Graham, C., Crucian, G. P., … Anderson, T. J. (2010). The MoCA: Well-suited screen for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 75(19), 1717–1725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirnberger, G., & Jahanshahi, M. (2013). Executive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: A review. Journal of Neuropsychology, 7(2), 193–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn, S., & Elton, R. (1987). United Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Recent Development in Parkinson’s Disease, (Vol. 2). 153–163.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice, G. M., Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (2012). Applied longitudinal analysis (Vol. 998). Hoboken, US: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth, B., Machado, L., Jowett, T., Jakobi, H., Garbe, K., Winter, H., & Glue, P. (2016). Effects of low dose ibogaine on subjective mood state and psychological performance. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 189, 10–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, C. G., Nutt, J. G., & Stebbins, G. T. (2008). The unified dyskinesia rating scale: Presentation and clinimetric profile. Movement Disorders, 23(16), 2398–2403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna-Pladdy, B., Enslein, A., Fray, M., Gajewski, B. J., Pahwa, R., & Lyons, K. E. (2010). Utility of the NeuroTrax computerized battery for cognitive screening in Parkinson’s disease: Comparison with the MMSE and the MoCA. International Journal of Neuroscience, 120(8), 538–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedden, T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004). Insights into the ageing mind: A view from cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(2), 87–U12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindle, J. V., Martyr, A., & Clare, L. (2014). Cognitive reserve in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 20(1), 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, M. T., Szewczyk-Krolikowski, K., Tomlinson, P., Nithi, K., Rolinski, M., Murray, C., … Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2014). Predictors of cognitive impairment in an early stage Parkinson’s disease cohort. Movement Disorders, 29(3), 351–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail, Z., Rajji, T. K., & Shulman, K. I. (2010). Brief cognitive screening instruments: An update. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(2), 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger, E. A., Shearer, D. K., Locascio, J. J., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (2003). Working memory in mild Alzheimer’s disease and early Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 17(2), 230–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulisevsky, J., Garcia-Sanchez, C., Berthier, M. L., Barbanoj, M., Pascual-Sedano, B., Gironell, A., & Estevez-Gonzalez, A. (2000). Chronic effects of dopaminergic replacement on cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease: A two-year follow-up study of previously untreated patients. Movement Disorders, 15(4), 613–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado, L., Devine, A., & Wyatt, N. (2009). Distractibility with advancing age and Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47(7), 1756–1764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly, T., Lewis, G. H., Robertson, I. H., Watson, P. C., & Datta, A. K. (2002). Coffee in the cornflakes: Time-of-day as a modulator of executive response control. Neuropsychologia, 40(1), 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mari-Beffa, P., Hayes, A. E., Machado, L., & Hindle, J. V. (2005). Lack of inhibition in Parkinson’s disease: Evidence from a lexical decision task. Neuropsychologia, 43(4), 638–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay, A., & Grace, R. C. (2011). Characteristic of cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: A 1-year follow-up. Applied Neuropsychology, 18(4), 269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meireles, J., & Massano, J. (2012). Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson’s disease: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Frontiers in Neurology, 3, 88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Middleton, F. A., & Strick, P. L. (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research: Brain Research Reviews, 31(2–3), 236–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muslimovic, D., Post, B., Speelman, J. D., de Haan, R. J., & Schmand, B. (2009). Cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(3), 426–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocera, J. R., Price, C., Fernandez, H. H., Amano, S., Vallabhajosula, S., Okun, M. S., … Hass, C. J. (2010). Tests of dorsolateral frontal function correlate with objective tests of postural stability in early to moderate stage Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 16(9), 590–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeso, I., Wilkinson, L., Casabona, E., Bringas, M. L., Alvarez, M., Alvarez, L., … Jahanshahi, M. (2011). Deficits in inhibitory control and conflict resolution on cognitive and motor tasks in Parkinson’s disease. Experimental Brain Research, 212(3), 371–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagonabarraga, J., & Kulisevsky, J. (2012). Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiology of Disease, 46(3), 590–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paillard, T., Rolland, Y., & de Souto Barreto, P. (2015). Protective effects of physical exercise in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease: A narrative review. Journal of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea), 11(3), 212–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10(4), 437–442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petersen, R. C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rabins, P. V., … Winblad, B. (2001). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58(12), 1985–1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., & Sarkar, D. (2016). nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-128. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
   Google Scholar
• Poletti, M., Emre, M., & Bonuccelli, U. (2011). Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive reserve in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 17(8), 579–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praamstra, P., & Plat, F. M. (2001). Failed suppression of direct visuomotor activation in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(1), 31–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pushpanathan, M. E., Loftus, A. M., Thomas, M. G., Gasson, N., & Bucks, R. S. (2016). The relationship between sleep and cognition in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 26, 21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, T. W., & Cools, R. (2014). Cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Movement Disorders, 29(5), 597–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shievitz, A. L., Tudiver, F., Araujo, A., Sanghe, P., & Boyle, E. (1998). Do elderly people score better on cognitive tests at home? Canadian Family Physician, 44, 1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolwyk, R. J., Charlton, J. L., Triggs, T. J., Iansek, R., & Bradshaw, J. L. (2006). Neuropsychological function and driving ability in people with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(6), 898–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szewczyk-Krolikowski, K., Tomlinson, P., Nithi, K., Wade-Martins, R., Talbot, K., Ben-Shlomo, Y., & Hu, M. T. (2014). The influence of age and gender on motor and non-motor features of early Parkinson’s disease: Initial findings from the Oxford Parkinson Disease Center (OPDC) discovery cohort. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 20(1), 99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trzepacz, P. T., Hochstetler, H., Wang, S., Walker, B., & Saykin, A. J.; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2015). Relationship between the montreal cognitive assessment and mini-mental state examination for assessment of mild cognitive impairment in older adults. BMC Geriatrics, 15, 107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Koningsbruggen, M. G., Pender, T., Machado, L., & Rafal, R. D. (2009). Impaired control of the oculomotor reflexes in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2909–2915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voon, V., & Fox, S. H. (2007). Medication-related impulse control and repetitive behaviors in Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology, 64(8), 1089–1096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weintraub, D., Mamikonyan, E., Papay, K., Shea, J. A., Xie, S. X., & Siderowf, A. (2012). Questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson’s disease-rating scale. Movement Disorders, 27(2), 242–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, N., Forsyth, B., Lee, A., & Machado, L. (2018). Repeated computerized cognitive testing: Performance shifts and test-retest reliability in healthy young adults. Psychological Assessment, 30(4), 539–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild, K., Howieson, D., Webbe, F., Seelye, A., & Kaye, J. (2008). Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement, 4(6), 428–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuensch, K. (2009). Cohen’s conventions for small, medium, and large effects. Retrieved from core.ecu.edu/psyc/wuenschk/docs30/EffectSizeConventions.doc
   Google Scholar
• Ye, Z., Rae, C. L., Nombela, C., Ham, T., Rittman, T., Jones, P. S., … Rowe, J. B. (2016). Predicting beneficial effects of atomoxetine and citalopram on response inhibition in Parkinson’s disease with clinical and neuroimaging measures. Human Brain Mapping, 37(3), 1026–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar