References
- Antoniello, D., & Gottesman, R. (2019). The phenomenology of acute anosognosia for hemiplegia [published online ahead of print, 2019 Oct 30]. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 32(3), appineuropsych19010008. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19010008
- Babinski, J. (1914). Contribution to the study of mental disorders in organic cerebral hemiplegia (anosognosia). Rev. Neurol., 27, 845–888.
- Baier, B., & Karnath, H. O. (2008). Tight link between our sense of limb ownership and self-awareness of actions. Stroke, 39(2), 486–488. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.495606
- Bayne, T., & Pacherie, E. (2007). Narrators and comparators: The architecture of agentive self-awareness. Synthese, 159(3), 475–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-007-9239-9
- Berti, A., Làdavas, E., & Della Corte, M. (1996). Anosognosia for hemiplegia, neglect dyslexia, and drawing neglect: Clinical findings and theoretical considerations. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 2(5), 426‐440. https://doi.org/10.1017/s135561770000151x
- Berti A., Bottini G., Gandola M., Pia L., Smania N., Stracciari A., Castiglioni I., Vallar G., Paulesu E. (2005) Shared cortical anatomy for motor awareness and motor control. Science, 15;309(5733), 488–91. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110625
- Besharati, S., Forkel, S. J., Kopelman, M., Solms, M., Jenkinson, P. M., & Fotopoulou, A. (2014). The affective modulation of motor awareness in anosognosia for hemiplegia: Behavioural and lesion evidence. Cortex, 61, 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.08.016
- Besharati, S., Forkel, S. J., Kopelman, M., Solms, M., Jenkinson, P. M., & Fotopoulou, A. (2016). Mentalizing the body: Spatial and social cognition in anosognosia for hemiplegia. Brain, 139(Pt 3), 971–985. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv390
- Besharati, S., Kopelman, M., Avesani, R., Moro, V., & Fotopoulou, A. (2015). Another perspective on anosognosia: Self-observation in video replay improves motor awareness. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 25(3), 319–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2014.923319
- Bisiach, E., Vallar, G., Perani, D., Papagno, C., & Berti, A. (1986). Unawareness of disease following lesions of the right hemisphere: Anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianopia. Neuropsychologia, 24(4), 471‐482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(86)90092-8
- Blakeslee, S., & Ramachandran, V. S. (1998). Phantoms in the brain. William Morris Endeavor.
- Bolognini, N., Ronchi, R., Casati, C., Fortis, P., & Vallar, G. (2014). Multisensory remission of somatoparaphrenic delusion: My hand is back! Neurol Clin Pract, 4(3)(3), 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000033
- Cocchini, G., Beschin, N., & Della Sala, S. (2018). Unawareness for motor impairment and distorted perception of task difficulty. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(1), 45‐56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717000662
- Cocchini, G., Beschin, N., Fotopoulou, A., & Della Sala, S. (2010). Explicit and implicit anosognosia or upper limb motor impairment. Neuropsychologia, 48(5), 1489–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.019
- Costello, & Osborne. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
- Critchley, M. (1953). The parietal lobes.
- Crosson, B., Poeschel, B. P., Velozo, C. A., Bolesta, M. M., Cooper, P. V., & Brobeck, T. C. (1989). Awareness and compensation in postacute head injury rehabilitation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 4(3), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-198909000-00008
- Cutting, J. (1978). Study of Anosognosia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 41(6), 548–555. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.41.6.548
- D’Imperio, D., Bulgarelli, C., Bertagnoli, S., Avesani, R., & Moro, V. (2017a). Modulating anosognosia for hemiplegia: The role of dangerous actions in emergent awareness. Cortex, 92, 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.04.009
- D’Imperio, D., Tomelleri, G., Moretto, G., & Moro, V. (2017b). Modulation of somatoparaphrenia following left-hemisphere damage. Neurocase, 23(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2017.1329444
- Della Sala, S., Cocchini, G., Beschin, N., & Cameron, A. (2009). VATA-m: Visual-Analogue Test assessing Anosognosia for motor impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(3), 406‐427. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040802251393
- Della Sala, S., Marchetti, C., & Spinnler, H. (1991). Right-sided anarchic (alien) hand: A longitudinal study. Neuropsychologia, 29(11)(11), 1113–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(91)90081
- Fawcett, T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8), 861–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010
- Feinberg, T. E., Roane, D. M., & Ali, J. (2000). Illusory limb movements in anosognosia for hemiplegia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 68(4), 511–513. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.68.4.511
- Fotopoulou A. (2014) Time to get rid of the 'Modular' in neuropsychology: A unified theory of anosognosia as aberrant predictive coding. J Neuropsychol. 8(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12010.
- Fotopoulou, A. (2015). The virtual bodily self: Mentalisation of the body as revealed in anosognosia for hemiplegia. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.018
- Fotopoulou, A., Pernigo, S., Maeda, R., Rudd, A., & Kopelman, M. A. (2010). Implicit awareness in anosognosia for hemiplegia: Unconscious interference without conscious re-representation. Brain, 133(12), 3564–3577. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq233
- Fotopoulou, A., Tsakiris, M., Haggard, P., Vagopoulou, A., Rudd, A., & Kopelman, M. (2008). The role of motor intention in motor awareness: An experimental study on anosognosia for hemiplegia. Brain, 131(Pt 12), 3432‐3442. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn225
- Frith, C. D., Blakemore, S. J., & Wolpert, D. M. (2000). Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 355(1404), 1771–1788. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0734
- Gainotti, G. (2012). Unconscious processing of emotions and the right hemisphere. Neuropsychologia, 50(2), 205‐218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.005
- Gandola, M., Invernizzi, P., Sedda, A., Ferrè, E. R., Sterzi, R., Sberna, M., & Bottini, G. (2012). An anatomical account of somatoparaphrenia. Cortex, 48(9), 1165–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.012
- Garbarini, F., Rabuffetti, M., Piedimonte, A., Pia, L., Ferrarin, M., & Berti, A. (2012). ‘Moving’ a paralysed hand: Bimanual coupling effect in patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia. Brain, 135(Pt5), 1486‐1497. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws015
- Gialanella, B., & Mattioli, F. (1992). Anosognosia and extrapersonal neglect as predictors of functional recovery following right hemisphere stroke. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2(3), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602019208401406
- Hartman-Maeir, A., Soroker, N., & Katz, N. (2001). Anosognosia for hemiplegia in stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 15(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/154596830101500309
- Hofmann, R. C. (1978). Complexity and simplicity as objective indices of descriptive of factor solutions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 13(2), 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1302_9
- Horn, J. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02289447
- Invernizzi, P., Gandola, M., Romano, D., Zapparoli, L., Bottini, G., & Paulesu, E. (2013). What is mine? Behavioral and anatomical dissociations between somatoparaphrenia and anosognosia for hemiplegia. Behavioural Neurology, 26(1–2), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.3233/BEN-2012-110226
- Jenkinson, P. M., Moro, V., & Fotopoulou, A. (2018). Definition: Asomatognosia. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 101, 300–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.02.001
- Jenkinson, P. M., Preston, C., & Ellis, S. J. (2011). Unawareness after stroke: A review and practical guide to understanding, assessing and managing anosognosia for hemiplegia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(10), 1079–1093. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.596822
- Koster-Hale, J., & Saxe, R. (2013). Theory of mind: A neural prediction problem. Neuron, 79(5), 836–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.020
- Levine, D. N. (1990). Unawareness of visual and sensorimotor defects: A hypothesis. Brain and Cognition, 13(2), 233‐281. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2626(90)90052-p
- Levine, D. N., Calvanio, R., & Rinn, W. E. (1991). The Pathogenesis of Anosognosia for Hemiplegia. Neurology, 41(11), 1770–1781. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.41.11.1770
- Marcel, A. J., Tegnér, R., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (2004). Anosognosia for plegia: Specificity, extension, partiality and disunity of bodily unawareness. Cortex, 40(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70919-5
- Martinaud, O., Besharati, S., Jenkinson, P. M., & Fotopoulou, A. (2017). Ownership illusions in patients with body delusions: Different neural profiles of visual capture and disownership. Cortex, 87, 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.025
- Matthews, M. B. (1976). Aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.
- Moro, V. (2013). The interaction between implicit and explicit Awareness in anosognosia: Emergent awareness. Cognitive Neuroscience, 4(3–4), 199–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2013.853656
- Moro, V., Pernigo, S., Scandola, M., Mainente, M., Avesani, R., & Aglioti, S. M. (2015b). Contextual bottom-up and implicit top-down modulation of anarchic hand syndrome: A single-case report and a review of the literature. Neuropsychologia, 78, 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.005
- Moro, V., Pernigo, S., Tsakiris, M., Avesani, R., Edelstyn, N. M. J., Jenkinson, P. M., & Fotopoulou, A. (2016). Motor versus body awareness: Voxel-based lesion analysis in anosognosia for hemiplegia and somatoparaphrenia following right hemisphere stroke. Cortex, 83, 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.07.001
- Moro, V., Pernigo, S., Zapparoli, P., Cordioli, Z., & Aglioti, S. M. (2011). Phenomenology and neural correlates of implicit and emergent motor awareness in patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia. Behavioural Brain Research, 225(1), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.010
- Moro, V., Scandola, M., Bulgarelli, C., Avesani, R., & Fotopoulou, A. (2015a). Error-based training and emergent awareness in anosognosia for hemiplegia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 25(4), 593–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2014.951659
- Nardone, I. B., Ward, R., Fotopoulou, A., & Turnbull, O. H. (2007). Attention and emotion in anosognosia: Evidence of implicit awareness and repression? Neurocase, 13(5), 438–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790701881749
- Nimmo-Smith, I., Marcel, A. J., & Tegnér, R. (2005). A diagnostic test of unawareness of bilateral motor task abilities in anosognosia for hemiplegia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 76(8), 1167–1169. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.053744
- Nurmi Laihosalo, M. E., & Jehkonen, M. (2014). Assessing anosognosias after stroke: A review of the methods used and developed over the past 35 years. Cortex, 61, 43‐63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.04.008
- Orfei, M. D., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2009). The evaluation of anosognosia in stroke patients. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 27(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1159/000199466
- Pacella, V., Foulon, C., Jenkinson, P. M., Scandola, M., Bertagnoli, S., Avesani, R., Fotopoulou, A., Moro, V., & Thiebaut de Schotten, M. (2019). Anosognosia for hemiplegia as a tripartite disconnection syndrome. Elife, 8. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.46075
- Pearson, K. (1901). On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. Philosophical Magazine, 2(11), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786440109462720
- R Development Core Team (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
- Ramachandran, V. S. (1995). Anosognosia in parietal lobe syndrome. Consciousness and Cognition, 4(1), 22–51. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1995.1002
- Ramachandran, V. S., & Rogers-Ramachandran, D. (1996). Denial of disabilities in anosognosia. Nature, 382(6591), 501. https://doi.org/10.1038/382501a0
- Reyelle, W. (2018). Psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research. Northwestern University. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psychVersion=1.8.12
- Romano, D., Gandola, M., Bottini, G., & Maravita, A. (2014). Arousal responses to noxious stimuli in somatoparaphrenia and anosognosia: Clues to body awareness. Brain, 137(Pt 4), 1213–1223. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu009
- Romano, D., & Maravita, A. (2019). The dynamic nature of the sense of ownership after brain injury. Clues from asomatognosia and somatoparaphrenia. Neuropsychologia, 132, 107119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107119
- Sing, T., Sander, O., Beerenwinkel, N., & Lengauer, T. (2005). “ROCR: Visualizing classifier performance in R. Bioinformatics, 21(20), 7881. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti623
- Small, M., & Ellis, S. (1996). Denial of hemiplegia: An investigation into the theories of causation. European Neurology, 36(6), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1159/000117293
- Starkstein, S. E., Fedoroff, J. P., Price, T. R., Leiguarda, R., & Robinson, R. G. (1992). Anosognosia in patients with cerebrovascular lesions. A study of causative factors. Stroke, 23(10), 1446–1453. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.23.10.1446
- Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P. (2005). The rubber hand illusion revisited: Visuotactile integration and self-attribution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.80
- Tsakiris, M., Longo, M., & Haggard, P. (2010). Having a body versus moving your body: Neural signatures of agency and body-ownership. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2740.2749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.021
- Turnbull, O. H., Evans, C. E., & Owen, V. (2005). Negative emotions and anosognosia. Cortex, 41(1), 67‐75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70179-5
- Velicer, W. F., & Jackson, D. N. (1990). Component analysis versus common factor analysis: Some issues in selecting an appropriate procedure. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_1
- Vocat, R., & Vuilleumier, P. (2010). Neuroanatomy of impaired body awreness in anosognosia and isteria: A multicomponent account. In G. P. Prigatano (Ed.), The study of anosognosia (pp. 359–405). Oxford Press.
- Weinstein, E. A., & Kahn, R. L. (1955). Denial of illness: Symbolic and physiological aspects. Thomas.
- Zampini, M., Moro, V., & Aglioti, S. M. (2004). Illusory movements of the contralesional hand in patients with body image disorders. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 75(11), 1626–1628. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.028589