364
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Semantic fluency and processing speed are reduced in non-cognitively impaired participants with Parkinson’s disease

, , , , , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , & show all
Pages 469-480 | Received 02 Sep 2020, Accepted 06 May 2021, Published online: 06 Aug 2021

References

  • Aarsland, D., Bronnick, K., Larsen, J. P., Tysnes, O. B., Alves, G., & Norwegian ParkWest Study Group. (2009). Cognitive impairment in incident, untreated Parkinson disease: The Norwegian ParkWest study. Neurology, 72(13), 1121–1126. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000338632.00552.cb
  • Bahar-Fuchs, A., Martyr, A., Goh, A. M., Sabates, J., & Clare, L. (2019). Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD013069. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013069.pub2
  • Barbosa, R. P., Mendonca, M. D., Caetano, A. P., Lampreia, T. M., Miguel, R., & Bugalho, P. M. (2019). Cognitive complaints in Parkinson’s disease patients: From subjective cognitive complaints to dementia and affective disorders. Journal of Neural Transmission, 126(10), 1329–1335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-019-02042-8
  • Bayram, E., Kaplan, N., Shan, G., & Caldwell, J. Z. K. (2020). The longitudinal associations between cognition, mood and striatal dopaminergic binding in Parkinson’s Disease. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 27(4), 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2019.1653445
  • Benedict, R. H. B., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., & Brandt, J. (1998). Hopkins verbal learning test – Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.12.1.43.1726
  • Benton, A. L., Sivan, A. B., Hamsher, K., Varney, N. R., & Spreen, O. (1994). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: A clinical manual. Oxford University Press.
  • Bezdicek, O., Nikolai, T., Michalec, J., Ruzicka, F., Havrankova, P., Roth, J., Růžička, E., & Jech, R. (2017). The diagnostic accuracy of Parkinson’s disease mild cognitive impairment battery using the movement disorder society task force criteria. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 4(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12391
  • Cholerton, B., Johnson, C. O., Fish, B., Quinn, J. F., Chung, K. A., Peterson-Hiller, A. L., Rosenthal, L. S., Dawson, T. M., Albert, M. S., Hu, S.-C., Mata, I. F., Leverenz, J. B., Poston, K. L., Montine, T. J., Zabetian, C. P., & Edwards, K. L. (2018). Sex differences in progression to mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 50, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.02.007
  • Cholerton, B., Weiner, M. W., Nosheny, R. L., Poston, K. L., Mackin, R. S., Tian, L., Ashford, J. W., & Montine, T. J. (2019). Cognitive performance in parkinson’s disease in the brain health registry. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 68(3), 1029–1038. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181009
  • Cholerton, B. A., Zabetian, C. P., Quinn, J. F., Chung, K. A., Peterson, A., Espay, A. J., Revilla, F. J., Devoto, J., Watson, G. S., Hu, S.-C., Edwards, K. L., Montine, T. J., & Leverenz, J. B. (2013). Pacific Northwest Udall Center of excellence clinical consortium: Study design and baseline cohort characteristics. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, 3(2), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-130189
  • Curtis, A. F., Masellis, M., Camicioli, R., Davidson, H., & Tierney, M. C. (2019). Cognitive profile of non-demented Parkinson’s disease: Meta-analysis of domain and sex-specific deficits. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 60, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.014
  • Dadgar, H., Khatoonabadi, A. R., & Bakhtiyari, J. (2013). Verbal fluency performance in patients with non-demented Parkinson’s disease. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 8(1), 55–58. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655231/
  • Davis, M. Y., Johnson, C. O., Leverenz, J. B., Weintraub, D., Trojanowski, J. Q., Chen-Plotkin, A., Van Deerlin, V. M., Quinn, J. F., Chung, K. A., Peterson-Hiller, A. L., Rosenthal, L. S., Dawson, T. M., Albert, M. S., Goldman, J. G., Stebbins, G. T., Bernard, B., Wszolek, Z. K., Ross, O. A., Dickson, D. W., Eidelberg, D., Mattis, P. J., Niethammer, M., Yearout, D., Hu, S.-C., Cholerton, B. A., Smith, M., Mata, I. F., Montin, T. J., Edwards, K. L., & Zabetian, C. P. (2016). Association of GBA mutations and the E326K polymorphism with motor and cognitive progression in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurology, 73(10), 1217–1224. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.2245
  • De Roy, J., Postuma, R. B., Brillon-Corbeil, M., Montplaisir, J., Genier Marchand, D., Escudier, F., Panisset, M., Chouinard, S., & Gagnon, J. F. (2020). Detecting the cognitive prodrome of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, 10(3), 1033–1046. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-191857
  • Emre, M., Aarsland, D., Brown, R., Burn, D. J., Duyckaerts, C., Mizuno, Y., Anthony Broe, G., Cummings, J., Dickson, D. W., Gauthier, S., Goldman, J., Goetz, C., Korczyn, A., Lees, A., Levy, R., Litvan, I., McKeith, I., Olanow, W., Poewe, W., Quinn, N., Sampaio, C., Tolosa, E., & Dubois, B. (2007). Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 22(12), 1689–1707. quiz 1837. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21507.
  • Fine, E. M., Delis, D. C., Paul, B. M., & Filoteo, J. V. (2011). Reduced verbal fluency for proper names in nondemented patients with Parkinson’s disease: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(2), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.507185
  • Gibb, W. R., & Lees, A. J. (1988). The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 51(6), 745–752. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.51.6.745
  • Goetz, C. G., Tilley, B. C., Shaftman, S. R., Stebbins, G. T., Fahn, S., Martinez-Martin, P., & Movement Disorder Society UPDRS Revision Task Force. (2008). Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Movement Disorders, 23(15), 2129–2170. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22340
  • Goldman, J. G., & Sieg, E. (2020). Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson disease. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 36(2), 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2020.01.001
  • Hassan, A., Wu, S. S., Schmidt, P., Malaty, I. A., Dai, Y. F., Miyasaki, J. M., & Okun, M. S. (2012). What are the issues facing Parkinson’s disease patients at ten years of disease and beyond?: Data from the NPF-QII study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 18(Suppl 3), S10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.06.014
  • Hely, M. A., Morris, J. G., Traficante, R., Reid, W. G., O’Sullivan, D. J., & Williamson, P. M. (1999). The Sydney multicentre study of Parkinson’s disease: Progression and mortality at 10 years. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 67(3), 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.67.3.300
  • Hely, M. A., Reid, W. G., Adena, M. A., Halliday, G. M., & Morris, J. G. (2008). The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson’s disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Movement Disorders, 23(6), 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21956
  • Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2004). Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(4), 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617704104141
  • Holthoff, V. A., Marschner, K., Scharf, M., Steding, J., Meyer, S., Koch, R., Donix, M., & Quinn, T. J. (2015). Effects of physical activity training in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia: Results of a pilot RCT study. PLoS One, 10(4), e0121478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121478
  • Kelly, M. E., Duff, H., Kelly, S., McHugh Power, J. E., Brennan, S., Lawlor, B. A., & Loughrey, D. G. (2017). The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 259. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2
  • Koerts, J., Meijer, H. A., Colman, K. S., Tucha, L., Lange, K. W., & Tucha, O. (2013). What is measured with verbal fluency tests in Parkinson’s disease patients at different stages of the disease? Journal of Neural Transmission, 120(3), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0885-9
  • Kudlicka, A., Clare, L., & Hindle, J. V. (2011). Executive functions in Parkinson’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders, 26(13), 2305–2315. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23868
  • Lanni, K. E., Ross, J. M., Higginson, C. I., Dressler, E. M., Sigvardt, K. A., Zhang, L., Malhado-Chang, N., & Disbrow, E. A. (2014). Perceived and performance-based executive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(4), 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.892059
  • Litvan, I., Goldman, J. G., Troster, A. I., Schmand, B. A., Weintraub, D., Petersen, R. C., Mollenhauer, B., Adler, C. H., Marder, K., Williams-Gray, C. H., Aarsland, D., Kulisevsky, J., Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C., Burn, D. J., Barker, R. A., & Emre, M. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Movement disorder society task force guidelines. Movement Disorders, 27(3), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24893
  • Magnin, E., Sagawa, Y., Moulin, T., & Decavel, P. (2020). What are the minimal detectable changes in SDMT and verbal fluency tests for assessing changes in cognitive performance in persons with multiple sclerosis and non-multiple sclerosis controls? European Neurology, 83(3), 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508607
  • Martinez-Martin, P., Rodriguez-Blazquez, C., Mario, A., Arakaki, T., Arillo, V. C., Chana, P., Fernández, W., Garretto, N., Martínez-Castrillo, J. C., Rodríguez-Violante, M., Serrano-Dueñas, M., Ballesteros, D., Rojo-Abuin, J. M., Chaudhuri, K. R. & Merello, M. (2015). Parkinson’s disease severity levels and MDS-unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 21(1), 50–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.10.026
  • Mata, I. F., Leverenz, J. B., Weintraub, D., Trojanowski, J. Q., Chen-Plotkin, A., Van Deerlin, V. M., Ritz, B., Rausch, R., Factor, S. A., Wood-Siverio, C., Quinn, J. F., Chung, K. A., Peterson-Hiller, A. L., Goldman, J. G., Stebbins, G. T., Bernard, B., Espay, A. J., Revilla, F. J., Devoto, J., Rosenthal, L. S., Dawson, T. M., Albert, M. S., Tsuang, D., Huston, H., Yearout, D., Hu, S.-C., Cholerton, B. A., Montine, T. J., Edwards, K. L., & Zabetian, C. P. (2016). GBA variants are associated with a distinct pattern of cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 31(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26359
  • Mata, I. F., Leverenz, J. B., Weintraub, D., Trojanowski, J. Q., Hurtig, H. I., Van Deerlin, V. M., Ritz, B., Rausch, R., Rhodes, S. L., Factor, S. A., Wood-Siverio, C., Quinn, J. F., Chung, K. A., Peterson, A. L., Espay, A. J., Revilla, F. J., Devoto, J., Hu, S.-C., Cholerton, B. A., Wan, J. Y., Montine, T. J., Edwards, K. L., & Zabetian, C. P. (2014). APOE, MAPT, and SNCA genes and cognitive performance in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurology, 71(11), 1405–1412. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1455
  • McDowd, J., Hoffman, L., Rozek, E., Lyons, K. E., Pahwa, R., Burns, J., & Kemper, S. (2011). Understanding verbal fluency in healthy aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 25(2), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021531
  • Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
  • Nocera, J. R., McGregor, K. M., Hass, C. J., & Crosson, B. (2015). Spin exercise improves semantic fluency in previously sedentary older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 23(1), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2013-0107
  • Obeso, I., Casabona, E., Bringas, M. L., Alvarez, L., & Jahanshahi, M. (2012). Semantic and phonemic verbal fluency in Parkinson’s disease: Influence of clinical and demographic variables. Behavioural Neurology, 25(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/673610
  • Paris, A. P., Saleta, H. G., De la Cruz Crespo Maraver, M., Silvestre, E., Freixa, M. G., Torrellas, C. P., Pont, S. A., Nadal, M. F., Garcia, S. A., Perea Bartolomé, M. V., Fernández, V. L. & Bayes, A. R. (2011). Blind randomized controlled study of the efficacy of cognitive training in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 26(7), 1251–1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23688
  • Pereira, J. B., Junque, C., Marti, M. J., Ramirez-Ruiz, B., Bartres-Faz, D., & Tolosa, E. (2009). Structural brain correlates of verbal fluency in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroreport, 20(8), 741–744. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328329370b
  • Phongpreecha, T., Cholerton, B., Mata, I. F., Zabetian, C. P., Poston, K. L., Aghaeepour, N., Tian, L., Quinn, J. F., Chung, K. A., Hiller, A. L., Hu, S.-C., Edwards, K. L., & Montine, T. J. (2020). Multivariate prediction of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease, 6(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-020-00121-2
  • Piatt, A. L., Fields, J. A., Paolo, A. M., Koller, W. C., & Troster, A. I. (1999). Lexical, semantic, and action verbal fluency in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21(4), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.21.4.435.885
  • Picco, A., Morbelli, S., Piccardo, A., Arnaldi, D., Girtler, N., Brugnolo, A., Bossert, I., Marinelli, L., Castaldi, A., De Carli, F., Campus, C., Abbruzzese, G., & Nobili, F. (2015). Brain (18)F-DOPA PET and cognition in de novo Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 42(7), 1062–1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-015-3039-0
  • Ramirez-Ruiz, B., Junque, C., Marti, M.-J., Valldeoriola, F., & Tolosa, E. (2006). Neuropsychological deficits in Parkinson’s disease patients with visual hallucinations. Movement Disorders, 21(9), 1483–1487. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20965
  • Rosenthal, L. S., Salnikova, Y. A., Pontone, G. M., Pantelyat, A., Mills, K. A., Dorsey, E. R., Wang, J., Wu, S. S., & Mari, Z. (2017). Changes in verbal fluency in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 4(1), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12421
  • Santangelo, G., Trojano, L., Vitale, C., Ianniciello, M., Amboni, M., Grossi, D., & Barone, P. (2007). A neuropsychological longitudinal study in Parkinson’s patients with and without hallucinations. Movement Disorders, 22(16), 2418–2425. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21746
  • Sawamoto, N., Honda, M., Hanakawa, T., Aso, T., Inoue, M., Toyoda, H., Ishizu, K., Fukuyama, H., & Shibasaki, H. (2007). Cognitive slowing in Parkinson disease is accompanied by hypofunctioning of the striatum. Neurology, 68(13), 1062–1068. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000257821.28992.db
  • Scholtissen, B., Dijkstra, J., Reithler, J., & Leentjens, A. F. (2006). Verbal fluency in Parkinson’s disease: Results of a 2-min fluency test. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 18(1), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0924-2708.2006.00122.x
  • Skorvanek, M., Martinez-Martin, P., Kovacs, N., Rodriguez-Violante, M., Corvol, J.-C., Taba, P., Seppi, K., Levin, O., Schrag, A., Foltynie, T., Alvarez-Sanchez, M., Arakaki, T., Aschermann, Z., Aviles-Olmos, I., Benchetrit, E., Benoit, C., Bergareche-Yarza, A., Cervantes-Arriaga, A., Chade, A., Cormier, F., Datieva, V., Gallagher, D. A., Garretto, N., Gdovinova, Z., Gershanik, O., Grofik, M., Han, V., Huang, J., Kadastik-Eerme, L., Kurtis, M. M., Mangone, G., Martinez-Castrillo, J. C., Mendoza-Rodriguez, A., Minar, M., Moore, H. P., Muldmaa, M., Mueller, C., Pinter, B., Poewe, W., Rallmann, K., Reiter, E., Rodriguez-Blazquez, C., Singer, C., Tilley, B. C., Valkovic, P., Goetz, C. G., & Stebbins, G. T. (2017). Differences in MDS-UPDRS scores based on Hoehn and Yahr stage and disease duration. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 126(10), 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-019-02042-8
  • Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tomlinson, C. L., Stowe, R., Patel, S., Rick, C., Gray, R., & Clarke, C. E. (2010). Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 25(15), 2649–2653. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23429
  • Tremblay, C., Monchi, O., Hudon, C., Macoir, J., & Monetta, L. (2012). Are verbal fluency and nonliteral language comprehension deficits related to depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson’s Disease, 2013, 308501. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-130189
  • Troster, A. I., Stalp, L. D., Paolo, A. M., Fields, J. A., & Koller, W. C. (1995). Neuropsychological Impairment in Parkinson’s disease with and without depression. Archives of Neurology, 52(12), 1164–1169. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1995.00540360042014
  • Vriend, C., Van Balkom, T. D., Van Druningen, C., Klein, M., Van der Werf, Y. D., Berendse, H. W., & Van den Heuvel, O. A. (2020). Processing speed is related to striatal dopamine transporter availability in Parkinson’s disease. NeuroImage: Clinical, 26, 102257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102257
  • Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised manual. The Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1997). WAiS-III® administration and scoring manual. The Psychological Corporation Harcourt Brace & Company.
  • Weintraub, D., Simuni, T., Caspell-Garcia, C., Coffey, C., Lasch, S., Siderowf, A., & Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative. (2015). Cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms in early, untreated Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 30(7), 919–927. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26170
  • Williams-Gray, C. H., Foltynie, T., Brayne, C. E., Robbins, T. W., & Barker, R. A. (2007). Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson’s disease cohort. Brain, 130(7), 1787–1798. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm111
  • Wilson, H., Pagano, G., Yousaf, T., Polychronis, S., De Micco, R., Giordano, B., Niccolini, F., & Politis, M. (2020). Predict cognitive decline with clinical markers in Parkinson’s disease (PRECODE-1). Journal of Neural Transmission, 127(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-019-02125-6
  • Yan, Y. Y., Lei, K., Li, Y. Y., Liu, X. F., & Chang, Y. (2019). The correlation between possible RBD and cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease patients in China. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 23(15), 848–853. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.747
  • Yarnall, A. J., Breen, D. P., Duncan, G. W., Khoo, T. K., Coleman, S. Y., Firbank, M. J., Nombela, C., Winder-Rhodes, S., Evans, J. R., Rowe, J. B., Mollenhauer, B., Kruse, N., Hudson, G., Chinnery, P. F., O’Brien, J. T., Robbins, T. W., Wesnes, K., Brooks, D. J., Barker, R. A., Burn, D. J., & ICICLE-PD Study Group. (2014). Characterizing mild cognitive impairment in incident Parkinson disease: The ICICLE-PD study. Neurology, 82(4), 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000066
  • Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 23(6), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21956
  • Zabetian, C. P., Yamamoto, M., Lopez, A. N., Ujike, H., Mata, I. F., Izumi, Y., Kaji, R., Maruyama, H., Morino, H., Oda, M., Hutter, C. M., Edwards, K. L., Schellenberg, G. D., Tsuang, D. W., Yearout, D., Larson, E. B., & Kawakami, H. (2009). LRRK2 mutations and risk variants in Japanese patients with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 6(1), 1034–1041. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.