References
- ACRM Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee. (1993). Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8(3), 86–87. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-199309000-00010
- Arnett, P. A., Hammeke, T. A., & Schwartz, L. (1995). Quantitative and qualitative performance on Rey’s 15-Item Test in neurological patients and dissimulators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049508402052
- Ashendorf, L., Clark, E. L., & Sugarman, M. A. (2017). Performance validity and processing speed in a VA polytrauma sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(5), 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1285961
- Assistant Secretary of Defense. (2015). Traumatic brain injury: Updated definition and reporting. Department of Defense.
- Axelrod, B. N., Fichtenberg, N. L., Millis, S. R., & Wertheimer, J. C. (2006). Detecting incomplete effort with digit span from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(3), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040590967117
- Back, C., Boone, K. B., Edwards, C., Parks, C., Burgoyne, K., & Silver, B. (1996). The performance of schizophrenics on three cognitive tests of malingering, Rey 15-Item Memory test, Rey Dot Counting, and Hiscock Forced-Choice Method. Assessment, 3(4), 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/107319119600300411
- Bailey, K. C., Soble, J. R., & O’Rourke, J. J. (2018). Clinical utility of the Rey 15-Item Test, recognition trial, and error scores for detecting noncredible neuropsychological performance in a mixed clinical sample of veterans. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1333151
- Barkley, R. A. (2011). Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV). Guilford Press.
- Bernard, L. C., Houston, W., & Natoli, L. (1993). Malingering on neuropsychological memory tests: Potential objective indicators. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199301)49:1<45::AID-JCLP2270490107>3.0.CO;2-7“3.0.CO;2-7“https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199301)49:1<45::AID-JCLP2270490107>3.0.CO;2-7
- Boone, K. B., Salazar, X., Lu, P., Warner-Chacon, K., & Razani, J. (2002). The Rey 15-item recognition trial: A technique to enhance sensitivity of the Rey 15-item memorization test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(5), 561–573. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.24.5.561.1004
- Bush, S. S., Ruff, R. M., Tröster, A. I., Barth, J. T., Koffler, S. P., Pliskin, N. H., … Silver, C. H. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity NAN policy & planning committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.002
- Davis, J. J., Millis, S. R., & Axelrod, B. N. (2012). Derivation of an embedded Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test performance validity indicator. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(8), 1397–1408. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.728627
- DiCarlo, M. A., Gfeller, J. D., & Drury, J. A. (1997). Assessing feigned cognitive impairment with Rey’s 15-item memory test: Is this task easy or what? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4(12), 309. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/12.4.309
- Erdodi, L. A. (2019). Aggregating validity indicators: The salience of domain specificity and the indeterminate range in multivariate models of performance validity assessment. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1384925
- Flaherty, J. M., Spencer, R. J., Drag, L. L., Pangilinan, P. H., & Bieliauskas, L. A. (2015). Limited usefulness of the Rey Fifteen-Item Test in detection of invalid performance in veterans suspected of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 29(13–14), 1630–1634. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2015.1075249
- Frederick, R. I. (2003). A review of Rey’s strategies for detecting malingered neuropsychological impairment. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2(3–4), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1300/J151v02n03_01
- Goldberg, J. O., & Miller, H. R. (1986). Performance of psychiatric inpatients and intellectually deficient individuals on a task that assesses the validity of memory complaints. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(5), 792–795. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198609)42:5<792::AID-JCLP2270420519>3.0.CO;2-8“3.0.CO;2-8“https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198609)42:5<792::AID-JCLP2270420519>3.0.CO;2-8
- Green, P., Allen, L. M., & Astner, K. (1996). The Word Memory Test: A user’s guide to the oral and computer-administered forms, US Version 1.1. CogniSyst.
- Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1996). Comparison of multiple scoring methods for Rey’s malingered amnesia measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(4), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/11.4.283
- Griffin, G. E., Glassmire, D. M., Henderson, E. A., & McCann, C. (1997). Rey II: Redesigning the Rey screening test of malingering. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(7), 757–766. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199711)53:7<757::AID-JCLP14>3.0.CO;2-K“3.0.CO;2-K“https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199711)53:7<757::AID-JCLP14>3.0.CO;2-K
- Guilmette, T. J., Hart, K. J., Giuliano, A. J., & Leininger, B. E. (1994). Detecting simulated memory impairment: Comparison of the Rey Fifteen-Item Test and the Hiscock forced-choice procedure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 8(3), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049408404135
- Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Conference Participants. (2009). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Consensus Conference Statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(7), 1093–1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040903155063
- Iverson, G. L., & Franzen, M. D. (1996). Using multiple objective memory procedures to detect simulated malingering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639608408260
- Larrabee, G. J. (2008). Aggregation across multiple indicators improves the detection of malingering: Relationship to likelihood ratios. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(4), 666–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701494987
- Larrabee, G. J., Rohling, M. L., & Meyers, J. E. (2019). Use of multiple performance and symptom validity measures: Determining the optimal per test cutoff for determination of invalidity, analysis of skew, and inter-test correlations in valid and invalid performance groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33, 1354–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1614227
- Lee, G. P., Loring, D. W., & Martin, R. C. (1992). Rey’s 15-item visual memory test for the detection of malingering: Normative observations on patients with neurological disorders. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.43
- Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press.
- Marshall, P., Schroeder, R., O’Brien, J., Fischer, R., Ries, A., Blesi, B., & Barker, J. (2010). Effectiveness of symptom validity measures in identifying cognitive and behavioral symptom exaggeration in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist,24(7), 1204–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2010.514290
- Martin, P. K., & Schroeder, R. W. (2020). Base rates of invalid test performance across clinical non-forensic contexts and settings. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(6), 717–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa017
- McCaul, C., Boone, K. B., Ermshar, A., Cottingham, M., Victor, T. L., Ziegler, E., … Wright, M. (2018). Cross-validation of the Dot Counting Test in a large sample of credible and non-credible patients referred for neuropsychological testing. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(6), 1054–1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1425481
- Poynter, K., Boone, K. B., Ermshar, A., Miora, D., Cottingham, M., Victor, T. L., … Wright, M. (2019). Wait, there’s a baby in this bath water! Update on quantitative and qualitative cut-offs for Rey 15-Item Recall and Recognition. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34(8), 1367–1380. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy087
- Rey, A. (1958). L’examen clinique en psychologie [The psychological examination]. Presses Universitaires de France.
- Reznek, L. (2005). The Rey 15-item memory test for malingering: A meta-analysis. Brain Injury, 19(7), 539–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050400005242
- Schretlen, D., Brandt, J., Krafft, L., & Van Gorp, W. (1991). Some caveats in using the Rey 15-Item Memory Test to detect malingered amnesia. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(4), 667. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.3.4.667
- Schroeder, R. W., Twumasi-Ankrah, P., Baade, L. E., & Marshall, P. S. (2012). Reliable Digit Span: A systematic review and cross-validation study. Assessment, 19(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111428764
- Sharland, M. J., & Gfeller, J. D. (2007). A survey of neuropsychologists’ beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(2), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2006.12.004
- Sugarman, M. A., Holcomb, E. M., Axelrod, B. N., Meyers, J. E., & Liethen, P. C. (2016). Embedded measures of performance validity in the Rey complex figure test in a clinical sample of veterans. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 23(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2015.1014557
- Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of Memory Malingering. Multi-Health Systems.
- Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM–5 (PCL-5). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD. http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp
- Wechsler, D. (2001). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: WTAR. Psychological Corporation.
- White, D. J., Korinek, D., Bernstein, M. T., Ovsiew, G. P., Resch, Z. J., & Soble, J. R. (2020). Cross-validation of non-memory-based embedded performance validity tests for detecting invalid performance among patients with and without neurocognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,42(5), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2020.1758634
- Whitney, K. A., Hook, J. N., Steiner, A. R., Shepard, P. H., & Callaway, S. (2008). Is the Rey 15-Item Memory Test II (Rey II) a valid symptom validity test? Comparison with the TOMM. Applied Neuropsychology, 15(4), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/09084280802325215
- Young, J. C., Roper, B. L., & Arentsen, T. J. (2016). Validity testing and neuropsychology practice in the VA healthcare system: Results from recent practitioner survey. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(4), 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1159730