References
- Acuff, S. F., Simon, N. W., & Murphy, J. G. (2022). Effort-related decision making and cannabis use among college students. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000544
- Adamson, S. J., Kay-Lambkin, F. J., Baker, A. L., Lewin, T. J., Thornton, L., Kelly, B. J., & Sellman, J. D. (2010). An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse: The cannabis use disorders identification test-revised (CUDIT-R). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(1), 137–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017
- Barnwell, S., Earleywine, M., & Wilcox, R. (2006). Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 1(1), 2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2
- Beck, A. T. (1996). BDI-II, Beck depression inventory: Manual (Second ed.). Psychological Corp; Harcourt Brace.
- Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2016). Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction.American Psychologist, 71(8), 670–679. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000059
- Blum, K., Gardner, E., Oscar-Berman, M., & Gold, M. (2012). “Liking” and “Wanting” Linked to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Hypothesizing Differential Responsivity in Brain Reward Circuitry. CPD, 18(1), 113–118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212798919110
- Carliner, H., Brown, Q. L., Sarvet, A. L., & Hasin, D. S. (2017). Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the U.S.: A review. Preventive Medicine, 104, 13–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.07.008
- Cherek, D. R., Lane, S. D., & Dougherty, D. M. (2002). Possible amotivational effects following marijuana smoking under laboratory conditions. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10(1), 26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.10.1.26
- Cuttler, C., & Spradlin, A. (2017). Measuring cannabis consumption: Psychometric properties of the daily sessions, frequency, age of onset, and quantity of cannabis use inventory (DFAQ-CU). PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0178194–e0178194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178194
- Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Dawes, M. A., Furr, R. M., Charles, N. E., Liguori, A., … Acheson, A. (2013). Impulsivity, attention, memory, and decision-making among adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 307–319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2908-5
- Fatahi, Z., Zeinaddini-Meymand, A., Karimi-Haghighi, S., Moradi, M., Khodagholi, F., & Haghparast, A. (2020). Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal ameliorates impairment of cost-benefit decision making in morphine-treated rats: Involvement of BDNF, p-GSK3-β, and p-CREB in the amygdala. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 167, 107138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107138
- Feske, U., Tarter, R. E., Kirisci, L., Gao, Z., Reynolds, M., & Vanyukov, M. (2008). Peer environment mediates parental history and individual risk in the etiology of cannabis use disorder in boys: A 10-year prospective study. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34(3), 307–320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990802013631
- Fontes, M. A., Bolla, K. I., Cunha, P. J., Almeida, P. P., Jungerman, F., Laranjeira, R. R., … Lacerda, A. L. (2011). Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(6), 442–447. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479
- Gravely, S.et al. (2020). International differences in patterns of cannabis use among adult cigarette smokers: Findings from the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. International Journal of Drug Policy, 79, 102754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102754
- Grodin, E. N., Steckler, L. E., & Momenan, R. (2016). Altered striatal response during effort-based valuation and motivation in alcohol-dependent individuals. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 51(6), 638–646. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agw003
- Hasin, D. S., Shmulewitz, D., & Sarvet, A. L. (2019). Time trends in US cannabis use and cannabis use disorders overall and by sociodemographic subgroups: A narrative review and new findings. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 623–643. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1569668
- Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Najman, J. M., Bor, W., O’Callaghan, M. J., & Williams, G. M. (2009). Multiple risk factor model predicting cannabis use and use disorders: A longitudinal study. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35(6), 399–407. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990903353415
- Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, R. L. (2002). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 401–414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00032-0
- Komarraju, M., & Karau, S. J. (2005). The relationship between the big five personality traits and academic motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 557–567. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.013
- Kreitler, S. (Ed.). (2013). Cognition and motivation: Forging an interdisciplinary perspective. Cambridge University Press.
- Lac, A., & Luk, J. W. (2018). Testing the amotivational syndrome: Marijuana use longitudinally predicts lower self-efficacy even after controlling for demographics, personality, and alcohol and cigarette use. Prevention Science, 19(2), 117–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0811-3
- Lahanas, S., & Cservenka, A. (2019). Frequent marijuana use and cognitive flexibility in young adult college students. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research, 8, 236075. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4303/jdar/236075
- Lane, S. D., & Cherek, D. R. (2002). Marijuana effects on sensitivity to reinforcement in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(4), 520–529. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00375-X
- Lane, S. D., Cherek, D. R., Pietras, C. J., & Steinberg, J. L. (2005). Performance of heavy marijuana-smoking adolescents on a laboratory measure of motivation. Addictive Behaviors, 30(4), 815–828. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.026
- Lawn, W., Freeman, T. P., Pope, R. A., Joye, A., Harvey, L., Hindocha, C., Mokrysz, C., Moss, A., Wall, M. B., Bloomfield, M. A., Das, R. K., Morgan, C. J., Nutt, D. J., & Curran, H. V. (2016). Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: An evaluation of the cannabis ‘amotivational’ hypotheses. Psychopharmacology, 233(19), 3537–3552. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4383-x
- Lisdahl, K. M., & Price, J. S. (2012). Increased marijuana use and gender predict poorer cognitive functioning in adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(4), 678–688. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712000276
- Marin, R. S., Biedrzycki, R. C., & Firinciogullari, S. (1991). Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. Psychiatry Research, 38(2), 143–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-V
- McGlothlin, W., & West, L. (1968). The Marihuana problem: An overview. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 125(3), 126–134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.125.3.370
- Nahm, F. S. (2016). Nonparametric statistical tests for the continuous data: the basic concept and the practical use. Korean J Anesthesiol, 69(1), 8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2016.69.1.8
- Olejnik, S. F., & Algina, J. (1984). Parametric ANCOVA and the Rank Transform ANCOVA When the Data Are Conditionally Non-Normal and Heteroscedastic. Journal of Educational Statistics, 9(2), 129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1164717
- Pacheco-Colón, I., Coxe, S., Musser, E. D., Duperrouzel, J. C., Ross, J. M., & Gonzalez, R. (2018a). Is cannabis use associated with various indices of motivation among adolescents? Substance Use & Misuse, 53(7), 1158–1169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1400566
- Pacheco-Colón, I., Limia, J. M., & Gonzalez, R. (2018b). Nonacute effects of cannabis use on motivation and reward sensitivity in humans: A systematic review. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(5), 497–507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000380
- Petrucci, A., LaFrance, E., & Cuttler, C. (2020). A comprehensive examination of the links between cannabis use and motivation. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(5), 1155–1164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1729203
- Ream, G. L., Elliott, L. C., & Dunlap, E. (2011). Patterns of and Motivations for Concurrent Use of Video Games and Substances. IJERPH, 8(10), 3999–4012. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8103999
- Reddy, L. F., Horan, W. P., Barch, D. M., Buchanan, R. W., Dunayevich, E., Gold, J. M., … Green, M. F. (2015). Effort-based decision-making paradigms for clinical trials in schizophrenia: Part 1—psychometric characteristics of 5 paradigms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(5), 1045–1054. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv089
- Robinson, S. M., Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B., & Leo, G. I. (2014). Reliability of the Timeline Followback for cocaine, cannabis, and cigarette use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 28(1), 154–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030992
- Ryan, A. M., & Patrick, H. (2001). The classroom social environment and changes in adolescents’ motivation and engagement during middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 437–460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038002437
- Scott, J. C., Slomiak, S. T., Jones, J. D., Rosen, A. F., Moore, T. M., & Gur, R. C. (2018). Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(6), 585–595. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335
- Smith, D. E. (1968). Acute and chronic toxicity of marijuana. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, 2(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1968.10524399
- Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. In R. Z. Litten & J. P. Allen (Eds.), Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biochemical methods (pp. 41–72). Humana Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3
- Solowij, N., Jones, K. A., Rozman, M. E., Davis, S. M., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. CL., Pesa, N., Lubman, D. I., & Yücel, M. (2012). Reflection impulsivity in adolescent cannabis users: a comparison with alcohol-using and non-substance-using adolescents. Psychopharmacology, 219(2), 575–586. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2486-y
- Stuppy-Sullivan, A. M., Buckholtz, J. W., & Baskin-Sommers, A. (2020). Aberrant Cost–Benefit Integration During Effort-Based Decision Making Relates to Severity of Substance Use Disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(1), 155–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619868155
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2003). Results from the 2002 national survey on drug use and health: National findings. Office of Applied Studies. NHSDA series H-22.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 national survey on drug use and health. HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (pp. 9). Substance abuse and mental health services administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
- Taylor, M. B., & Filbey, F. M. (2021). Residual effects of cannabis use on effort-based decision-making. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 27(6), 559–569. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617721000473
- Treadway, M. T., Buckholtz, J. W., Schwartzman, A. N., Lambert, W. E., & Zald, D. H. (2009). Worth the ‘EEfRT’? The effort expenditure for rewards task as an objective measure of motivation and anhedonia. PLoS ONE, 4(8), e6598. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal/pone.0006598
- United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime Vienna (UNODC) (2015). World drug report 2015. UN 2015 May 2015(Sales No. E.15.XI.6).
- van Rooij, A. J., Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., Shorter, G. W., Schoenmakers, T. M., & van de Mheen, D. (2014). The (co-)occurrence of problematic video gaming, substance use, and psychosocial problems in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(3), 157–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.013
- Wadsworth, E., & Hammond, D. (2019). International differences in patterns of cannabis use among youth: Prevalence, perceptions of harm, and driving under the influence in Canada, England & United States. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 171–175. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.050
- Walther, B., Morgenstern, M., & Hanewinkel, R. (2012). Co-Occurrence of Addictive Behaviours: Personality Factors Related to Substance Use, Gambling and Computer Gaming. Eur Addict Res, 18(4), 167–174. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000335662
- Wang, Y. P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory-II: A comprehensive review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 35(4), 416–431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048
- Zimmermann, K., Walz, C., Derckx, R. T., Kendrick, K. M., Weber, B., Dore, B., … Becker, B. (2017). Emotion regulation deficits in regular marijuana users. Human Brain Mapping, 38(8), 4270–4279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23671