Achievements and self-concepts in a comparison of math and science: exploring the internal/external frame of reference model across 28 countries

References

• Abu-Hilal , M. M. and Bahri , T. M. 2000 . Self concept: The generalizability of research on the SDQ, Marsh/Shavelson model and I/E frame of reference model to United Arab Emirates students . Social Behavior and Personality , 28 : 309 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen , K. A. and Long , J. S. 1993 . Testing structural equation models , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bong , M. 1998 . Tests of the internal/external frames of reference model with subject-specific academic self-efficacy and frame-specific academic self-concepts . Journal of Educational Psychology , 90 : 102 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne , M. W. and Cudeck , R. 1993 . “ Alternative ways of assessing model fit ” . In Testing structural equation models , Edited by: Bollen , K. A. and Long , J. S. 136 – 162 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bryk , A. S. and Raudenbush , S. W. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , L. 1994 . Children learning mathematics: Patterns and relationships , Hemel Hempstead, UK : Simon & Schuster Education .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , C. , Watkins , D. , Gerong , A. , Akande , A. , Mcinerney , D. Fleming . 1998 . Cultural dimensions, gender, and the nature of self-concept: A fourteen-country study . International Journal of Psychology , 33 : 17 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , C. H.K. and Watkins , D. 2000 . Age and gender invariance of self-concept factor structure: An investigation of a newly developed Chinese self-concept instrument . International Journal of Psychology , 35 : 186 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department for Children, Schools, and Families in the UK National curriculum for England 2008 Retrieved January 30, 2008, from http://www.nc.uk.net
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit , M. and Du Toit , S. H.C. 2001 . Interactive LISREL: User's guide , Lincolnwood, IL : Scientific Software International .
   Google Scholar
• Hagger , M. S. , Asci , F. H. and Lindwall , M. 2004 . A cross-cultural evaluation of a multidimensional and hierarchical model of physical self-perceptions in three national samples . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 34 : 1075 – 1107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. Jr , Anderson , R. E. , Tatham , R. L. and Black , W. C. 1998 . Multivariate data analysis , 5th ed. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. Jr , Black , W. C. , Babin , B. J. , Anderson , R. E. and Tatham , R. L. 2006 . Multivariate data analysis , 6th ed. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hannula , M. S. 2002 . Attitude towards mathematics: Emotions, expectations and values . Educational Studies in Mathematics , 49 : 25 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Ho , H. , Senturk , D. , Lam , A. G. , Zimmer , J. M. , Hong , S. Okamoto , Y. 2000 . The affective and cognitive dimensions of math anxiety: A cross-national study . Journal for Research in Mathematics Education , 31 : 362 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement . 2005 . TIMSS 2003 user guide for the international database , Chestnut Hill, MA : TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , C. 2003 . Transitions into higher education: Gendered implications for academic self-concept . Oxford Review of Education , 29 : 331 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. and Sörbom , D. 2001 . LISREL 8: User's reference guide , Lincolnwood, IL : Scientific Software International .
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. and Sörbom , D. 2005 . LISREL (Version 8.72) [Computer software] , Lincolnwood, IL : Scientific Software International .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. F. , Yeung , A. S. , Low , R. and Jin , P. 2000 . Academic self-concept of talented students: Factor structure and applicability of the internal/external frame of reference model . Journal for the Education of the Gifted , 23 : 343 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , O. and Brophy , J. 1996 . Motivational patterns observed in sixth-grade science classrooms . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 33 : 303 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , F. K.S. 2002 . Behind the high achievement of East Asian students . Educational Research and Evaluation , 8 : 87 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Manger , T. and Eikeland , O. J. 1997 . The effect of social comparison on mathematics self-concept . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 38 : 237 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1986 . Verbal and math self-concepts: An internal/external frame of reference model . American Educational Research Journal , 23 : 129 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1987 . The big-fish-little-pond effect on academic self-concept . Journal of Educational Psychology , 79 : 280 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1989 . Sex differences in the development of verbal and mathematics constructs: The high school and beyond study . American Educational Research Journal , 26 : 191 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1990 . A multidimensional, hierarchical self-concept: Theoretical and empirical justification . Educational Psychology Review , 2 : 77 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1993 . “ Academic self-concept: Theory measurement and research ” . In Psychological perspectives on the self , Edited by: Suls , J. Vol. 4 , 59 – 98 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1994 . Using the national longitudinal study of 1988 to evaluate theoretical models of self-concept: The Self-Description Questi . Journal of Educational Psychology , 86 : 439 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Byrne , B. M. and Shavelson , R. 1988 . A multifaceted academic self-concept: Its hierarchical structure and its relation to academic achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 366 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. and Craven , R. G. 2006 . Reciprocal effects of self-concept and performance from a multidimensional perspective: Beyond seductive pleasure and unidimensional perspectives . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 1 : 133 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Craven , R. and Debus , R. 1999 . Separation of competency and affect components of multiple dimensions of academic self-concept: A developmental perspective . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 45 : 567 – 601 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Dowson , M. , Pietsch , J. and Walker , R. 2004 . Why multicollinearity matters: A re-examination of relations between self-efficacy, self-concept and achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 518 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. and Hattie , J. 1996 . “ Theoretical perspectives on the structure of self-concept ” . In Handbook of self-concept , Edited by: Bracken , B. A. 38 – 90 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. and Hau , K. T. 2004 . Explaining paradoxical relations between academic self-concepts and achievements: Cross-cultural generalizability of the internal/external frame of reference predictions across 26 countries . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 56 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Kong , C. K. and Hau , K. T. 2000 . Longitudinal multilevel models of the big-fish-little-pond effect on academic self-concept: Counterbalancing contrast and reflected-glory effects in Hong Kong schools . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 337 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Kong , C. K. and Hau , K. T. 2001 . Extension of the internal/external frame of reference model of self-concept formation: Importance of native and nonnative languages for Chinese students . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 : 543 – 553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. and Parker , J. W. 1984 . Determinants of student self-concept: Is it better to be a relatively large fish in a small pond even if you don't learn to swim as well? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 213 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. and Rowe , K. J. 1996 . The negative effects of school-average ability on academic self-concept: An application of multilevel modeling . Australian Journal of Education , 40 : 65 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Trautwein , U. , Lüdtke , O. , Köller , O. and Baumert , J. 2006 . Integration of multidimensional self-concept and core personality constructs: Construct validation and relations to well-being and achievement . Journal of Personality , 74 : 403 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. and Yeung , A. S. 2001 . An extension of the internal/external frame of reference model: A response to Bong (1998) . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 36 : 389 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education in Taiwan The national curriculum 2007 Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://teach.eje.edu.tw/9CC/index.php
   Google Scholar
• Möller , J. and Köller , O. 2001 . Dimensional comparisons: An experimental approach to the internal/external frame of reference model . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 : 826 – 835 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 1998–2006 . Mplus user's guide , Los Angeles, CA : Authors .
   Google Scholar
• Olinsky , A. , Chen , S. and Harlow , L. 2003 . The comparative efficacy of imputation methods for missing data in structural equation modeling . European Journal of Operational Research , 151 : 53 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Mara , A. , Marsh , H. W. , Craven , R. G. and Debus , R. L. 2006 . Do self-concept interventions make a difference? A synergistic blend of construct validation and meta-analysis . Educational Psychologist , 41 : 181 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes , L. P. , Schneider , S. K. and Bochner , S. 1999 . Individualism-collectivism and self-concept: Social or contextual? . Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 2 : 367 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• Pietsch , J. , Walker , R. and Chapman , E. 2003 . The relationship among self-concept, self-efficacy and performance in mathematics during secondary school . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 589 – 603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P. R. 2003 . A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 667 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P. R. and De Groot , E. V. 1990 . Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 33 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plucker , J. A. and Stocking , V. B. 2001 . Looking outside and inside: Self-concept development of gifted adolescents . Exceptional Children , 67 : 535 – 548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S. , Bryk , A. , Cheong , Y. F. , Congdon , R. and Du Toit , M. 2004 . HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling , Lincolnwood, IL : Scientific Software International .
   Google Scholar
• Schafer , J. L. 1997 . Analysis of incomplete multivariate data , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Schumacker , R. E. and Lomax , R. G. 1996 . A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Shavelson , R. , Hubner , J. and Stanton , G. 1976 . Self-concept: Validation of construct interpretations . Review of Educational Research , 46 : 407 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singelis , T. M. 2000 . Some thoughts on the future of cross-cultural social psychology . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 31 : 76 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaalvik , E. M. and Rankin , R. J. 1995 . A test of the internal/external frame of reference model at different levels of math verbal self-perception . American Educational Research Journal , 32 : 161 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders , T. A.B. and Bosker , R. J. 1999 . Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Stapleton , L. M. 2002 . The incorporation of sample weights into multilevel structural equation models . Structural Equation Modeling , 9 : 475 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue , S. 1999 . Science, ethnicity and bias: Where have we gone wrong? . American Psychologist , 54 : 1070 – 1077 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam , A. S.F. and Watkins , D. 1995 . Towards a hierarchical model of self-concept for Hong Kong Chinese adults with physical disabilities . International Journal of Psychology , 30 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuan , H. L. , Chin , C. C. and Shieh , S. H. 2005 . The development of a questionnaire to measure students' motivation towards science learning . International Journal of Science Education , 27 : 639 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , J. C. , Thorpe , P. K. and Meyer , D. K. 1998 . Students' reports of motivation and negative affect: A theoretical and empirical analysis . Journal of Educational Psychology , 90 : 758 – 771 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Vijver , F. J.R. and Leung , K. 1997 . Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Van de Vijver , F. J.R. and Leung , K. 2000 . Methodological issues in psychological research on culture . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 31 : 33 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wastlund , E. , Norlander , T. and Archer , T. 2001 . Exploring cross-cultural differences in self-concept: A meta-analysis of the self-description questionnaire-1 . Cross-cultural research , 35 : 280 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitebread , D. and Chiu , M. S. 2004 . Patterns of children's emotional responses to mathematical problem-solving . Research in Mathematics Education , 6 : 129 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Wigfield , A. and Eccles , J. S. 2000 . Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 25 : 68 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. E. and Montgomery , D. 1995 . Using frame of reference theory to understand the self-concept of academically able students . Journal for the Education of the Gifted , 18 : 400 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung , A. S. and Lee , F. L. 1999 . Self-concept of high school students in China: Confirmatory factor analysis of longitudinal data . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 59 : 431 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanobini , M. and Usai , M. C. 2002 . Domain-specific self-concept and achievement motivation in the transition from primary to low middle school . Educational Psychology , 22 : 203 – 217 .
   Google Scholar