REFERENCES
- Alao, A., Yolles, J., & Armenta, W. (1999). Cybersuicide: The Internet and suicide. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(11), 1836–1837. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.7.861
- Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3(4–5), 993–1022.
- Burnap, P., Williams, M. L., Sloan, L., Rana, O., Housley, W., Edwards, A., … Voss, A. (2014). Tweeting the terror: Modelling the social media reaction to the Woolwich terrorist attack. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 4(1), 1–14. doi:10.1007/s13278-014-0206-4
- Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (1998). Regression analysis of count data, econometric society monograph No.30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Coyle, J., & MacWhannell, D. (2002). The importance of ‘morality’ in the social construction of suicide in Scottish newspapers. Sociology of Health & Illness, 24(6), 689–713. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00314
- Daine, K., Hawton, K., Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Simkin, S., & Montgomery, P. (2013). The power of the Web: A systematic review of studies of the influence of the Internet on self-harm and suicide in young people. PLoS One, 8(10), e77555. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077555
- Dunlop, S. M., More, E., & Romer, D. (2011). Where do youth learn about suicides on the Internet and what influence does this have on suicidal ideation? Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 52(10), 1073–1080. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02416.x
- Fu, K., Chan, Y., & Yip, P. S. F. (2011). Newspaper reporting of suicides in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Guangzhou: Compliance with WHO media guidelines and epidemiological comparisons. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 928–933. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.105650
- Gorard, S. (2014). The widespread abuse of statistics by researchers: What is the problem and what is the ethical way forward? Psychology of Education Review, 38(1), 3–10.
- Gorard, S. (2016). Damaging real lives through obstinacy: Re-emphasising why significance testing is wrong. Sociological Research Online, 21(1), 1. doi:10.5153/sro.3857
- Gould, M. S., Kleinman, M. H., Lake, A. M., Forman, J., & Midle, J. B. (2014). Newspaper coverage of suicide and initiation of suicide clusters in teenagers in the USA, 1988–96: A retrospective, population-based, case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 34–43. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70225-1
- Harris, I. B., & Roberts, L. M. (2013). Exploring the use and effects of deliberate self-harm websites: An Internet-based study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(12), e285. doi:10.2196/jmir.2802
- Hawton, K., & Williams, K. (2002). Influences of the media on suicide researchers, policy makers and media: Personal need to collaborate on guidelines. BMJ, 325(7377), 1374–1375. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7377.1374
- Jacob, N., Evans, R., & Scourfield, J. (2017). The influence of online images on self-harm: A qualitative study of young people aged 16–24. Journal of Adolescence, 60(4), 140–147. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.08.001
- Jacob, N., Scourfield, J., & Evans, R. (2014). Suicide prevention via the Internet: A descriptive review. Crisis, 35(4), 261–267. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000254
- Janson, M., Alessandrini, E., Strunjas, S., Shahab, H., El-Mallakh, R., & Lippmann, S. (2001). Internet-observed suicide attempts. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(6), 478. doi:10.4088/JCP.v62n0612f
- Jashinsky, J., Burton, S. H., Hanson, C. L., West, J., Giraud-Carrier, C., Barnes, M. D., & Argyle, T. (2014). Tracking suicide risk factors through Twitter in the U.S. Crisis, 35(1), 51–59. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000234
- Jones, P., Gunnell, D., Platt, S., Scourfield, J., Lloyd, K., Huxley, P., … Dennis, M. (2013). Identifying probable suicide clusters in Wales using National Mortality Data. PLoS One, 8(8), e71713. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071713
- Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World wide web (pp. 591–600). Raleigh, NC: Association for Computing Machinery.
- Land, K. C., McCall, P. L., & Nagin, D. S. (1996). A comparison of Poisson, negative binomial, and semiparametric mixed Poisson regression models with empirical applications to criminal careers data. Sociological Methods and Research, 24(4), 387–442. doi:10.1177/0049124196024004001
- Lewis, S. P., & Michal, M. J. (2016). Start, stop, and continue: Preliminary insight into the appeal of self-injury e-communities. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(2), 250–260. doi:10.1177/1359105314527140
- Liu, K. Y., Beautrais, A., Caine, E., Chan, K., Chao, A., & Conwell, Y. (2007). Charcoal burning suicides in Hong Kong and urban Taiwan: An illustration of the impact of a novel suicide method on overall regional rates. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 61(3), 248–253. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.048553
- Luxton, D., June, J., & Fairall, J. (2012). Social media and suicide: A public health perspective American Journal of Public Health, 102 (Suppl 2), s195–s202.
- Machlin, A., Pirkis, J., & Spittal, M. J. (2013). Which suicides are reported in the media – and what makes them “newsworthy”? Crisis, 34(5), 305–313. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000177
- Manning, C. D., Raghavan, P., & Schutze, H. (2008). “Scoring, term weighting, and the vector space model”. Introduction to Information Retrieval. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Naito, A. (2007). Internet suicide in Japan: Implications for child and adolescent mental health. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12(4), 583–597. doi:10.1177/1359104507080990
- Niederkrotenthaler, T., Till, B., Herberth, A., Voracek, M., Kapusta, N. D., Etzersdorfer, E., … Sonneck, G. (2009). The gap between suicide characteristics in the print media and in the population. European Journal of Public Health, 19(4), 361–364. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp034
- Niederkrotenthaler, T., Voracek, M., Herberth, A., Till, B., Strauss, M., Etzersdorfer, E., … Sonneck, G. (2010). Role of media reports in completed and prevented suicide: Werther v. Papageno effects. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 197(3), 234–243. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.074633
- Ofcom (2014). News Consumption in the UK: 2014 report. Retrieved from https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/tv-radio-and-on-demand/tv-research/news-consumption-2014 (accessed 24 February 17)
- Owens, C., Lambert, H., Lloyd, K., & Donovan, J. (2008). Tales of biographical disintegration: How parents make sense of their sons’ suicides. Sociology of Health & Illness, 30(2), 237–254. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01034.x
- Phillips, D. P. (1974). The influence of suggestion on suicide: Substantive and theoretical implications of the Werther effect. American Sociological Review, 39(3), 340–354. doi:10.2307/2094294
- Pirkis, J., Burgess, P., Blood, R. W., & Francis, C. (2007). The Newsworthiness of Suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(3), 278–283. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.278
- Prior, T. (2004). Suicide methods from the Internet. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1500–1501.
- Procter, R., Vis, F., & Voss, A. (2013). Reading the riots on Twitter: methodological innovation for the analysis of big data. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16, 197–214. doi:10.1080/13645579.2013.774172
- Sakaki, T., Okazaki, M., & Matsuo, Y. (2010). Earthquake shakes Twitter users: real-time event detection by social sensors. In the proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, 851–860. Retrieved from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1772777 (accessed 24 February 2017)
- Shaver, J. P. (1993). What statistical significance testing is, and what it is not. The Journal of Experimental Education, 61(4), 293–316. doi:10.1080/00220973.1993.10806592
- Sisask, M., & Varnik, A. (2012). Media roles in suicide prevention: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(1), 123–138. doi:10.3390/ijerph9010123
- Sloan, L., Morgan, J., Housley, W., Williams, M., Edwards, A., Burnap, P., & Rana, O. (2013). Knowing the tweeters: Deriving sociologically relevant demographics from Twitter. Sociological Research Online, 18(3), 1–11. doi:10.5153/sro.3001
- Smithson, J., Sharkey, S., Hewis, E., Jones, R., Emmens, T., Ford, T., & Owens, C. (2011). Problem presentation and responses on an online forum for young people who self-harm. Discourse Studies, 13(4), 487–501. doi:10.1177/1461445611403356
- Stack, S. (2000). Media impact on suicide: A quantitative review of 293 findings. Social Science Quarterly, 81(4), 957–971.
- Sudak, H., Maxim, K., & Carpenter, M. (2008). Suicide and stigma: A review of the literature and personal reflections. Academic Psychiatry, 32(2), 136–142. doi:10.1176/appi.ap.32.2.136
- Wayne, R. (2013). The social construction of childhood bullying through U.S. news media. Journal of Contemporary Anthropology, 4(1), 36–49.
- West, J. H., Hall, P. C., Prier, K., Hanson, C. L., Giraud-Carrier, C., Neeley, E. S., & Barnes, M. D. (2012). Temporal variability of problem drinking on Twitter. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2(1), 43–48. doi:10.4236/ojpm.2012.21007
- Williams, M. L., & Burnap, P. (2016). Cyberhate on social media in the aftermath of Woolwich: A case study in computational criminology and big data. British Journal of Criminology, 56(2), 211–238. doi:10.1093/bjc/azv059
- Zorn, C. J. W. (1998). An analytic and empirical examination of zero-inflated and hurdle Poisson specifications. Sociological Methods and Research, 26(3), 368–400. doi:10.1177/0049124198026003004