An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Reasons for Living Inventory within a Male Veteran Clinical Sample

REFERENCES

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagge, C. L., Lamis, D. A., Nadorff, M., & Osman, A. (2013). Relations between hopelessness, depressive symptoms and suicidality: Mediation by reasons for living. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 18–31. doi:10.1002/jclp.22005
   Google Scholar
• Bahraini, N. H., Devore, M. D., Monteith, L. L., Forster, J. E., Bensen, S., & Brenner, L. A. (2013). The role of value importance and success in understanding suicidal ideation among veterans. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2(1-2), 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.03.001
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1991). Manual for beck scale for suicide ideation. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Bezdjian, S., Burchett, D., Schneider, K. G., Baker, M. T., & Garb, H. N. (2015). Multidimensional Suicide Inventory-28 (MSI-28) within a sample of military basic trainees: An examination of psychometric properties. Military Psychology, 27(6), 325–334. doi:10.1037/mil0000090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonner, R. L., & Rich, A. R. (1991). Predicting vulnerability to hopelessness: A longitudinal analysis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179(1), 29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G. K. (2001). A review of suicide assessment measures for intervention research with adults and older adults. Available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/suicide.cfm. Retrieved on August 10, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W. (2001). An overview of analytic rotation in exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36(1), 111–150. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3601_05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen, & S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Griffith, J. H., Pace, B. T., Hinkson, K., Bryan, A. O., Clemans, T. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). Combat exposure and risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among military personnel and veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(5), 633-649. doi:10.1111/sltb.12163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). [Online interactive database]. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Chan, D. W. (1995). Reasons for living among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 25(3), 347–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi, J., & Bailey, A. (2008). A CBT-practitioner's guide to ACT: How to bridge the gap between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner, K. R., Bossarte, R. M., He, H., Arora, J., Lu, N., Tu, X. M., & Katz, I. R. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide in 5.9 million individuals receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration health system. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demers, A. (2011). When veterans return: The role of community in reintegration. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16(2), 160–179. doi:10.1080/15325024.2010.519281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, L., & Chan, W. (2017). Testing the difference between reliability coefficients alpha and omega. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 77(2), 185–203. doi:10.1177/0013164416658325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelstein, B. A., Heisel, M. J., McKee, D. R., Martin, R. R., Koven, L. P., Duberstein, P. R., & Britton, P. C. (2009). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Reasons for Living –Older Adults Scale: A suicide risk assessment inventory. The Gerontologist, 49(6), 736–745. doi:10.1093/geront/gnp052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley, E. P., Bollinger, M., Noël, P. H., Amuan, M. E., Copeland, L. A., Pugh, J. A., … Pugh, M. J. V. (2015). A national cohort study of the association between the polytrauma clinical triad and suicide-related behavior among US veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 380–387. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers, K. C., Walker, R. L., Thompson, M. P., & Kaslow, N. J. (2014). Associations between reasons for living and diminished suicidal intent among African-American female suicide attempters. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(8), 569–575. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frearson, J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2008). Linking life principles to romantic relationships and social support. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wollongong.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett, K. M., Waehler, C. A., & Rogers, J. R. (2012). A protocol analysis of the Reasons for Living Scale items with a sample of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults. Suicidology Online, 1, 72–82.
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(3), 532–560. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6803_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradus, J. L., Smith, B. N., & Vogt, D. (2015). Family support, family stress, and suicidal ideation in a combat-exposed sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/ Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping: An International Journal, 28(6), 706-715. doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1006205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez, P. M., Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Kopper, B. A., Baker, M. T., & Haraburda, C. M. (2002). Development of the reasons for living inventory for young adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 339–357. doi:10.1002/jclp.1147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez, P. M., Pease, J., Matarazzo, B. B., Monteith, L. L., Hernandez, T., & Osman, A. (2016). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and the Acquired Capability for Suicide in Military Veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(12), 1684–1694. doi:10.1037/pas0000310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, D. P., Stritzke, W. G., Fay, N., Ellison, T. M., & Hudaib, A. R. (2014). Probing the implicit suicidal mind: Does the Death/Suicide Implicit Association Test reveal a desire to die, or a diminished desire to live? Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 831–840. doi:10.1037/pas0000001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanoff, A., Jang, S. J., Smyth, N. J., & Linehan, M. M. (1994). Fewer reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The Brief Reasons for Living Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16(1), 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H. K., Bullman, T. A., Smolenski, D. J., Skopp, N. A., Gahm, G. A., & Reger, M. A. (2015). Suicide risk among 1.3 million veterans who were on active duty during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Annals of Epidemiology, 25(2), 96–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2008). Psychological testing principles, applications, and issues (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, J. E. (2014). Suicide rates in VHA patients through 2011 with comparisons with other Americans and other veterans through 2010. Department of Veterans Affairs, Mental, Health Services, Suicide Prevention Program. Retrieved from www.mentalhealth.va.gov/docs/Suicide_Data_Report_Update_January_2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lance, C., Butts, M., & Michels, L. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 202–220. doi:10.1177/1094428105284919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. J., Liverant, G. I., Lowmaster, S. E., Gradus, J. L., & Sloan, D. M. (2014). PTSD and reasons for living: Associations with depressive symptoms and alcohol use. Psychiatry Research, 219(3), 550–555. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The reasons for Living Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 276–286. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizardi, R., Dervic, K., Grunebaum, M. F., Burke, A. K., Mann, J. J., & Oquendo, M. A. (2008). The role of moral objections to suicide in the assessment of suicidal patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(10), 815–821. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2013). FACTOR 9.2: A comprehensive program for fitting exploratory and semi-confirmatory factor analysis and IRT models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37(6), 497–498. doi:10.1177/0146621613487794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, G., Jones, D., Duggan, C., Power, M., & MacLeod, A. (2001). The treatment of deliberate self-harm in borderline personality disorder using dialectical behaviour therapy: A pilot study in a high security hospital. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 85–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguen, S., Cohen, B., Ren, L., Bosch, J., Kimerling, R., & Seal, K. (2012). Gender differences in military sexual trauma and mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Women’s Health Issues, 22(1), e61–e66. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2011.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone, K. M., Oquendo, M. A., Haas, G. L., Ellis, S. P., Li, S., & Mann, J. J. (2000). Protective factors against suicidal acts in major depression: Reasons for living. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(7), 1084–1088. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.7.1084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis- testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. S., Segal, D. L., & Coolidge, F. L. (2001). A comparison of suicidal thinking and reasons for living among younger and older adults. Death Studies, 25(4), 357–365. doi:10.1080/07481180126250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, M. M., Gallaway, M. S., Millikan, A. M., & Bell, M. (2012). Interaction of combat exposure and unit cohesion in predicting suicide-related ideation among post-deployment soldiers. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42(5), 486–494. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00106.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (1998-2017). Mplus 8 user’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Park, J. M., Finn, C. T., Deliberto, T. L., Dour, H. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2010). Measuring the suicidal mind: Implicit cognition predicts suicidal behavior. Psychological Science, 21(4), 511–517. doi:10.1177/0956797610364762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oquendo, M. A., Galfalvy, H., Russo, S., Ellis, S. P., Grunebaum, M. F., Burke, A., & Mann, J. J. (2004). Prospective study of clinical predictors of suicidal acts after a major depressive episode in patient with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1433–1441. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman, A., Gifford, J., Jones, T., Lick, L., Osman, J., & Wenzel, R. (1993). Psychometric evaluation of the Reasons for Living Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 154–158. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.154
   Google Scholar
• Osman, A., Gutierrez, P. M., Freedenthal, S., Wong, J. L., & Bagge, C. L. (2010). The Multidimensional Suicide Ideation-28 (MSI-28) inventory (Unpublished manual). San Antonio, TX: Department of Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Osman, A., Jones, K., & Osman, J. R. (1991). The Reasons for Living Inventory: Psychometric properties. Psychological Reports, 69(1), 271–278. doi:10.2466/pr0.1991.69.1.271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Zhang, G., Kim, C., & Mels, G. (2013). Choosing the optimal number of factors in exploratory factor analysis: A model selection perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 48(1), 28–56. doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.710386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor, E. K., Landsverk, J., Aarons, G., Chambers, D., Glisson, C., & Mittman, B. (2009). Implementation research in mental health services: An emerging science with conceptual, methodological, and training challenges. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 36(1), 24–34. doi:10.1007/s10488-008-0197-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. (2016). R 3.3.3 Foundation for statistical computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Range, L. M., & Antonelli, K. B. (1990). A factor analysis of six commonly used instruments associated with suicide using college students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3-4), 804–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(2), 129–140. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Haviland, M. G. (2010). Bifactor models and rotations: Exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 544–559. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.496477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2009). Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74(1), 145–154. doi:10.1007/s11336-008-9102-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 223–237. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137–150. doi:10.1037/met0000045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, J. D., Witte, T. K., Van Orden, K. A., Selby, E. A., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2014). Fearlessness about death: The psychometric properties and construct validity of the revision to the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale. Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 115–126. doi:10.1037/a0034858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietdijk, E. A., Bosch, L. M. V. D., Verheul, R., Koeter, M. W., & Brink, W. V. D. (2001). Predicting self-damaging and suicidal behaviors in female borderline patients: Reasons for living, coping, and depressive personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(6), 512–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, N. A., Noorbaloochi, S., Frazier, P., Carlson, K., Gravely, A., & Murdoch, M. (2010). Reintegration problems and treatment interests among Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans receiving VA medical care. Psychiatric Services, 61(6), 589–597. doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.6.589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, N. A., Frazier, P., Orazem, R. J., Murdoch, M., Gravely, A., Carlson, K. F., … Noorbaloochi, S. (2011). Military to Civilian Questionnaire: A measure of post-deployment community reintegration difficulty among veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs medical care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(6), 660–670. doi:10.1002/jts.20706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, N. A., Orazem, R. J., Noorbaloochi, S., Gravely, A., Frazier, P., Carson, K. F., & Oleson, H. (2014). Iraq and Afghanistan ware veterans with reintegration problems: Differences by Veterans Affairs Healthcare user status. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(4), 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10488-014-0564-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, N. A., Carlson, K. F., & Frazier, P. A. (2014). Reintegration challenges in U.S. service members and veterans following combat deployment. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8(1), 33–73. doi:10.1111/sipr.12001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. doi:10.1007/S11336-008-9101-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sripada, R. K., Bohnert, A. S. B., Teo, A. R., Levine, D. S., Pfeiffer, P. N., Bowersox, N. W., … Valenstein, M. (2015). Social networks, mental health problems, and mental health service utilization in OEF/OIF National Guard veterans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 6(3), 243–251. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1078-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanic, N., & Ciarrochi, J. (2008). Linking life principles to emotional and psychological well-being. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wollongong.
   Google Scholar
• Strosahl, A., Chiles, J. A., & Linehan, M. (1992). Prediction of suicide intent in hospitalized parasuicides: Reasons for living, hopelessness, and depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33(6), 366–373. doi:1016/0010-440X(92)90057-W
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stucky, B. D., Thissen, D., & Edelen, M. O. (2013). Using logistic approximations of marginal trace lines to develop short assessment. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37, 23–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209–220. doi:10.1037/a0023353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood dimension analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1–10. doi:10.1007/BF02291170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. & Westat, Inc. (2010). National Survey of Veterans, Active Duty Service Members, Demobilized National Guard and Reserve Members, Family Members, and Surviving Spouses: Final report, deliverable 27. Washington, DC: Dept. of Veterans Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L. (1998). Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3, 231–251. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, D., Vaughn, R., Glickman, M. E., Schultz, M., Drainoni, M. L., Elwy, R., & Eisen, S. (2011). Gender differences in combat-related stressors and their association with post-deployment mental health in a nationally representative sample of U.S. OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(4), 797–806. doi:10.1037/a0023452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar