REFERENCES

  • Adler, A., Chadhury, S., Stanley, B., Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., Bush, A., & Brown, G. K. (2018). A qualitative analysis of strategies for managing suicide-related events during deployment from the perspective of Army behavioral health providers, chaplains, and leaders. Military Psychology, 30(2), 87–97. doi:10.1080/08995605.2017.1420979
  • AhnAllen, C. G., Adler, A., & Kleespies, P. M. (2017). Suicide risk assessment with combat veterans – Part I: Contextual Factors. In B. Bongar, G. Sullivan, & L. James (Eds.), Handbook of military and veteran suicide: Assessment, treatment, and prevention (pp. 79–88). New York, NY. Oxford University Press.
  • Baiocchi, D. (2013). Measuring army deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR145.html.
  • Bowen, G. A. (2008). Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: A research note. Qualitative Research, 8(1), 137–152. doi:10.1177/1468794107085301
  • Bradley, E. H., Curry, L. A., & Devers, K. J. (2007). Qualitative data analysis for health services research: Developing taxonomy, themes and theory. Health Services Research, 42, 1758–1772. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00684.x
  • Braswell, H., & Kushner, H. I. (2012). Suicide, social integration, and masculinity in the U.S. military. Social Science & Medicine, 74, 530–536. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.031
  • Brenner, L. A., & Barnes, S., M. (2012). Facilitating treatment engagement during high-risk transition periods: A potential suicide prevention strategy. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S1), S12–S13. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300581
  • Britt, T. W. (2000). The stigma of psychological problems in a work environment: Evidence from the screening of service members returning from Bosnia. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(8), 1599–1618. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02457.x
  • Britt, T. W., Greene–Shortridge, T. M., Brink, S., Nguyen, Q. B., Rath, J., Cox, A. L., … Castro, C. A. (2008). Perceived stigma and barriers to care for psychological treatment: Implications for reactions to stressors in different contexts. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(4), 317–335. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.4.317
  • Britt, T. W., Jennings, K. S., Cheung, J. H., Pury, C. L., & Zinzow, H. M. (2015). The role of different stigma perceptions in treatment seeking and dropout among active duty military personnel. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 38(2), 142–149.
  • Bryan, C. J., Jennings, K. W., Jobes, D. A., & Bradley, J. C. (2012). Understanding and preventing military suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 16(2), 95–110. doi:10.1080/13811118.2012.667321
  • Chapman, P. L., Elnitsky, C., Pitts, B., Figley, C., Thurman, R. M., & Unwin, B. (2014). Mental health, help seeking, and stigma and barriers to care among 3-and 12-month postdeployed and never deployed U.S. Army Combat Medics. Military Medicine, 179(8S), 55–62. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00367
  • Crawford, M. J., Sharpe, D., Rutter, D., & Weaver, T. (2009). Prevention of suicidal behavior among Army personnel: A qualitative study. Journal of the Army Medical Corps, 155(3), 203–207. doi:10.1136/jramc-155-03-07
  • Denneson, L. M., Teo, A. R., Ganzini, L., Helmer, D. A., Bair, M. J., & Dobscha, S. K. (2015). Military veterans’ experiences with suicidal ideation: Implications for intervention and prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(4), 399–414. doi:10.1111/sltb.12136
  • Duffy, M. E. (1985). Designing nursing research: the qualitative-quantitative debate. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 10(3), 225–232. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1985.tb00516.x
  • Duffy, M. E. (1986). Qualitative research: An approach whose time has come. Nursing & Health Care, 7, 237–239.
  • Duffy, M. E. (1987). Methodological triangulation: A vehicle for merging quantitative and qualitative research methods. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 19(3), 130–133. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1987.tb00609.x
  • Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., Koss, K., Rowan, A., LaCroix, J. M., Perera, K., Carreno, J., & Grammer, J. (2018). Retrospective and prospective examination of outpatient mental health utilization and military career impacts. Stigma and Health. doi:10.1037/sah0000124
  • Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., LaCroix, J. M., Koss, K., Perera, K. U., Rowan, A., VanSickle, M. R., … Trieu, T. H. (2018). Outpatient mental health treatment utilization and military career impact in the United States Marine Corps. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 828. doi:10.3390/ijerph15040828
  • Greene-Shortridge, T. M., Britt, T. W., & Castro, C. A. (2007). The stigma of mental health problems in the military. Military Medicine, 172(2), 157–161. doi:10.7205/milmed.172.2.157
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough?: An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. doi:10.1177/1525822X05279903
  • Gutierrez, P. M., Brenner, L. A., Rings, J. A., Devore, M. D., Kelly, P. J., Staves, P. J., … Kaplan, M. S. (2013). A qualitative description of female veterans’ deployment-related experiences and potential suicide risk factors. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 923–935. doi:10.1002/jclp.21997
  • Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040603
  • Hoge, C. W., Grossman, S. H., Auchterlonie, J. L., Riviere, L. A., Milliken, C. S., & Wilk, J. E. (2014). PTSD treatment for soldiers after combat deployment: Low utilization of mental health care and reasons for dropout. Psychiatric Services, 65(8), 997–1004. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300307
  • Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., Schneider, M. E., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). A systematic review of help-seeking and mental health service utilization among military service members. Clinical Psychology Review, 53, 59–78. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.008
  • Joiner, T. E. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Joiner, T. E., Conwell, Y., Fitzpatrick, K. K., Witte, T. K., Schmidt, N. B., Berlim, M. T., … Rudd, M. D. (2005). Four studies on how past and current suicidality relate even when “everything but the kitchen sink” is covaried. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(2), 291–303. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.2.291
  • Kehle, S. M., Polusny, M. A., Murdoch, M., Erbes, C. R., Arbisi, P. A., Thuras, P., & Meis, L. A. (2010). Early mental health treatment-seeking among U.S. National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 33–40.
  • Kim, P. Y., Britt, T. W., Klocko, R. P., Riviere, L. A., & Adler, A. B. (2011). Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment, and utilization of mental health care among soldiers. Military Psychology, 23(1), 65–81. doi:10.1080/08995605.2011.534415
  • Kim, P. Y., Thomas, J. L., Wilk, J. E., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2010). Stigma, barriers to care, and use of mental health services among active duty and National Guard soldiers after combat. Psychiatric Services, 61(6), 582–588.
  • Langston, V., Greenberg, N., Fear, N., Iversen, A., French, C., & Wessely, S. (2010). Stigma and mental health in the Royal Navy: A mixed methods paper. Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England), 19(1), 8–16. doi:10.3109/09638230802522999
  • Lineberry, T. W., & O’Connor, S. S. (2012). Suicide in the US Army. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 87(9), 871–878. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.07.002
  • Lusk, J., Brenner, L. A., Betthauser, L. M., Terrio, H., Scher, A. I., Schwab, K., & Poczwardowski, A. (2015). A qualitative study of potential suicide risk factors among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom soldiers returning to the continental United States (CONUS). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(9), 843–855. doi:10.1002/jclp.22164
  • Nock, M. K., Stein, M. B., Heeringa, S. G., Ursano, R. J., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., … Kessler, R. C. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behavior among soldiers: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry, 71(5), 514–522. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.30
  • Owens, G. P., Herrera, C. J., & Whitesell, A. A. (2009). A preliminary investigation of mental health needs and barriers to mental health care for female veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. Traumatology, 15(2), 31–37. doi:10.1177/1534765609336361
  • Porter, T. L., & Johnson, W. B. (1994). Psychiatric stigma in the military. Military Medicine, 159(9), 602–605.
  • Rudd, M. D., Bryan, C. J., Wertenberger, E. G., Peterson, A. L., Young-McCaughan, S., Mintz, J., … Bruce, T. O. (2015). Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy effects on post-treatment suicide attempts in a military sample: Results of a randomized clinical trial with 2-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(5), 441–449. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070843
  • Ursano, R. J., Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., Naifeh, J. A., Aliaga, P. A., Fullerton, C. S., … Heeringa, S. G. (2015). Suicide attempts in the US Army during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, 2004 to 2009. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(9), 917–926. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0987
  • Vogt, D. (2011). Mental health-related beliefs as a barrier to service use for military personnel and veterans: A review. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 62(2), 135–142. doi:10.1176/ps.62.2.pss6202_0135
  • Warner, C. H., Appenzeller, G. N., Parker, J. R., Warner, C., Diebold, C. J., & Grieger, T. (2011). Suicide prevention in a deployed military unit. Psychiatry, 74(2), 127–141. doi:10.1521/psyc.2011.74.2.127
  • Wright, K. M., Cabrera, O. A., Bliese, P. D., Adler, A. B., Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2009). Stigma and barriers to care in soldiers postcombat. Psychological Services, 6(2), 108–116. doi:10.1037/a0012620
  • Zinzow, H. M., Britt, T. W., Pury, C. L. S., Raymond, M. A., McFadden, A. C., & Burnette, C. M. (2013). Barriers and facilitators of mental health treatment seeking among active duty Army personnel. Military Psychology, 25, 5412–5435.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.