The Influence of Media on the Stigma of Suicide when a Postsecondary Student Dies by Suicide

REFERENCES

• American College Health Association. (2013a). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Canadian reference group executive summary spring 2013. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. (2013b). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference group executive summary spring 2013. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. (2019a). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Canadian consortium executive summary spring 2019a. Silver Spring, MD: American College Health Association.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. (2019b). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference group executive summary spring 2019. Silver Spring, MD: American College Health Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2013a). The Stigma of Suicide Scale psychometric properties and correlates of the stigma of suicide. The Journal of Crisis, 34(1), 13–21. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2013b). Correlates of suicide stigma and suicide literacy in the community. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 43(4), 406–417. doi:10.1111/sltb.12026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, T. E. (2005). Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: A qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8(3), 274–289. doi:10.1177/1094428105278021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolote, J. M., Fleischmann, A., De Leo, D., & Wasserman, D. (2004). Psychiatric diagnoses and suicide: Revisiting the evidence. Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 25(4), 147–155. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.147
   Google Scholar
• Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., & Christensen, H. (2014). Predictors of help-seeking for suicidal ideation in the community: Risks and opportunities for public suicide prevention campaigns. Psychiatry Research, 219(3), 525–530. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S. P., Koller, M., Krupa, T., & Stuart, H. (2016). Contact in the classroom: Developing a program model for youth mental health contact-based anti-stigma education. Community Mental Health Journal, 52(3), 281–293. doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9944-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, S., Lassman, F., Barley, E., Evans-Lacko, S., Williams, P., Yamaguchi, S., … Thornicroft, G. (2013). Mass media interventions for reducing mental health-related stigma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, CD009453. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009453.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W. (2008). A toolkit for evaluating programs meant to erase the stigma of mental illness. Montefiore. https://www.montefiore.org/documents/Evaluating-Programs-Meant-to-Erase-the-Stigma-of-Mental-Illness.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., & Rüsch, N. (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 63(10), 963–973. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Powell, K. J., & Michaels, P. J. (2013). The effects of news stories on the stigma of mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(3), 179–182. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182848c24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Powell, K. J., & Michaels, P. J. (2014). Brief battery for measurement of stigmatizing versus affirming attitudes about mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 215(2), 466–470. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Sheehan, L., & Al-Khouja, M. A. (2017). Making sense of the public stigma of suicide: Factor analyses of its stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminations. The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 38(5), 351–359. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, K. S., Szeto, A. C. H., & Knaak, S. (2019). The Working Mind: A meta-analysis of a workplace mental health and stigma reduction program. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 64(1_suppl), 39S–47S. doi:10.1177/0706743719842559
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downs, M. F., & Eisenberg, D. (2012). Help seeking and treatment use among suicidal college students. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 60(2), 104–114. doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.619611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans-Lacko, S., Corker, E., Williams, P., Henderson, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2014). Effect of the Time to Change anti-stigma campaign on trends in mental-illness-related public stigma among the English population in 2003–13: An analysis of survey data. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(2), 121–128. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70243-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: North American edition (5th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, L. M., Hans, J. D., & Cerel, J. (2017). An interpretive phenomenological inquiry of family and friend reactions to suicide disclosure. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(1), 159–172. doi:10.1111/jmft.12180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffin, P. (2017, August 12). How many Ontario post-secondary students die by suicide each year? No one knows for sure. The Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/08/12/how-many-ontario-post-secondary-students-die-by-suicide-each-year-no-one-knows-for-sure.html
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, R. (2008). Orthogonal, planned and unplanned comparisons. In Data analysis for experimental design. New York: Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, E. P., Corrigan, P. W., Williams, P., Canar, J., & Kubiak, M. A. (1999). Changing attitudes about schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(3), 447–456. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM. (2017). IBM SPSS statistics for windows (version 25.0). IBM. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/spss-statistics/25.0.0.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, S., McNeill, V., & Tran, T. (2021). The perceived stigma reduction expressed by young adults in response to suicide prevention videos. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Policy, 18(12), 1–22. 6180.
   Google Scholar
• Klin, A., & Lemish, D. (2008). Mental disorders stigma in the media: Review of studies on production, content, and influences. Journal of Health Communication, 13(5), 434–449. doi:10.1080/10810730802198813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaak, S., Modgill, G., & Patten, S. B. (2014). Key ingredients of anti-stigma programs from health care providers: A data synthesis of evaluative studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 59(10 Suppl 1), S19–S26. doi:10.1177/070674371405901s06
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lester, D., & Walker, R. L. (2006). The stigma for attempting suicide and the loss to suicide prevention efforts. Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 27(3), 147–148. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.27.3.147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, B. L. (2020). Investigating the influence of media articles after a suicide on campus on the stigma of suicide and other campus-related factors (Unpublished, master’s thesis). UCalgary, Calgary, Alberta. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112437.
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Nassar, S. (2019, March 18). ‘It doesn’t feel human’: Students angry U of T not acknowledging campus suicides. CBC. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/university-toronto-suicide-campus-1.5061809.
   Google Scholar
• Niederkrotenthaler, T., Baumgartner, J., Kautzky, A., Fellinger, M., Jahn, R., Wippel, A., … Till, B. (2021). Effects of media stories featuring coping with suicidal crises on psychiatric patients: Randomized controlled trial. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 64(1), e70. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederkrotenthaler, T., & Till, B. (2020). Effects of suicide awareness materials on individuals with recent suicidal ideation or attempt: Online randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 217(6), 693–700. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oexle, N., Herrmann, K., Staiger, T., Sheehan, L., Rüsch, N., & Krumm, S. (2019). Stigma and suicidality among suicide attempt survivors: A qualitative study. Death Studies, 43(6), 381–388. doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1474286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. (2018, June 25). Estimating suicide among higher education students, England and Wales: Experimental statistics. Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/estimatingsuicideamonghighereducationstudentsenglandandwalesexperimentalstatistics/2018-06-25
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz, P., & Khin Khin, E. (2018). Traditional and new media’s influence on suicidal behavior and contagion. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 36(2), 245–256. doi:10.1002/bsl.2338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillay, J. (2021). Suicidal behaviour among university students: A systematic review. South African Journal of Psychology, 51(1), 54–66. doi:10.1177/0081246321992177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassy, J., Bardon, C., Dargis, L., Côté, L. P., Corthésy-Blondin, L., Mörch, C. M., & Labelle, R. (2021). Information and communication technology use in suicide prevention: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(5), e25288. doi:10.2196/25288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reavley, N., & Jorm, A. (2013). Community and population-based interventions to reduce stigma associated with depression, anxiety and suicide: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (http://www.saxinstitute.org.au/). for beyondblue 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Reynders, A., Kerkhof, A. J., Molenberghs, G., & Van Audenhove, C. (2014). Attitudes and stigma in relation to help-seeking intentions for psychological problems in low and high suicide rate regions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(2), 231–239. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0745-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, M. L., Schneider, M. E., Gai, A. R., Gorday, J. Y., & Joiner, T. E. (2018). Evaluation of two web-based interventions in reducing the stigma of suicide. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 109, 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scocco, P., Castriotta, C., Toffol, E., & Preti, A. (2012). Stigma of Suicide Attempt (STOSA) scale and Stigma of Suicide and Suicide Survivor (STOSASS) scale: Two new assessment tools. Psychiatry Research, 200(2–3), 872–878. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, L. L., Corrigan, P. W., & Al-Khouja, M. A. (2017). Stakeholder perspectives on the stigma of suicide attempt survivors. Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 38(2), 73–81. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, L. L., Dubke, R., & Corrigan, P. W. (2017). The specificity of public stigma: A comparison of suicide and depression-related stigma. Psychiatry Research, 256, 40–45. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, B. K., Williams, J. S., & Ryther, B. J. (1986). Public approval of suicide: A situational analysis. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 16(4), 409–418. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1986.tb00727.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, P. E., & Brannick, M. T. (2011). Methodological urban legends: The misuse of statistical control variables. Organizational Research Methods, 14(2), 287–305. doi:10.1177/1094428110369842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, D. M., Simon, T. R., Fowler, K. A., Kegler, S. R., Yuan, K., Holland, K. M., … Crosby, A. E. (2018). Vital signs: Trends in state suicide rates—United States, 1999–2016 and circumstances contributing to suicide—27 states, 2015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(22), 617–624. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6722a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart, H. (2020). Best and promising practices in stigma reduction. In K. S. Dobson & H. Stuart (Eds.), The stigma of mental illness: Models and methods of stigma reduction (pp. 27–38). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Szeto, A. C. H., Dobson, K. S., & Knaak, S. (2019). The road to mental readiness for first responders: A meta-analysis of program outcomes. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 64(1_suppl), 18S–29S. doi:10.1177/0706743719842562
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szeto, A. C. H., & Lindsay, B. L. (2021). Stigma reduction in post-secondary institutions. In K. S. Dobson & H. Stuart (Eds.), The stigma of mental illness: Models and methods of stigma reduction (pp. 111–128). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Szeto, A. C. H., Henderson, L., Lindsay, B. L., Knaak, S., & Dobson, K. S. (2021). Increasing resiliency and reducing mental illness stigma in post-secondary students: A meta-analytic evaluation of The Inquiring Mind Program. Journal of American College Health, 1–11. doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.2007112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Tarullo, J. (2015, April 20). Nutrition in college: Answers from the expert. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/college-health_b_6704896
   Google Scholar
• Taylor-Rodgers, E., & Batterham, P. J. (2014). Evaluation of an online psychoeducation intervention to promote mental health help seeking attitudes and intentions among young adults: Randomised controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 65–71. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Canadian Journalism Forum on Violence and Trauma. (2020). Mindset: Reporting on mental health (3rd ed.). https://www.mindset-mediaguide.ca/
   Google Scholar
• The Higher Education Mental Heath Alliance. (2014). Postvention: A guide for response to suicide on college campuses. Retrieved from https://hemha.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/jed-hemha-postvention-guide.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thornicroft, G. (2006). Shunned: Discrimination against people with mental illness. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Till, B., Tran, U. S., & Niederkrotenthaler, T. (2021). The impact of educative news articles about suicide prevention: A randomized controlled trial. Health Communication, 36(14), 2022–2029. doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1813953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar