Hepatoprotective effects of silymarin against diclofenac-induced liver toxicity in male rats based on biochemical parameters and histological study

References

• Adeyemi, W.J., and Olayaki, L.A., 2018. Diclofenac–induced hepatotoxicity: low dose of omega-3 fatty acids have more protective effects. Toxicology reports, 5, 90–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, I., et al., 2008. The involvement of nitric oxide in maneb- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Free radical research, 42(10), 849–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, I., et al., 2013. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of N-acetyl cysteine and silymarin-mediated protection against maneb-and paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Chemico-biological interactions, 201(1–3), 9–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alabi, Q.K., et al., 2017. The Garcinia kola biflavonoid kolaviron attenuates experimental hepatotoxicity induced by diclofenac. Pathophysiology, 24(4), 281–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aydin, G., et al., 2003. Histopathologic changes in liver and renal tissues induced by different doses of diclofenac sodium in rats. Turkish journal of veterinary and animal sciences, 27(5), 1131–1140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancroft, J. D., and Gamble, M., 2008. Theory and practice of histological techniques. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Björnsson, E., 2016. Hepatotoxicity by drugs: the most common implicated agents. International journal of molecular sciences, 17(2), 224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelsterli, U. A., 2013. Mechanisms underlying the hepatotoxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. In: N. Kaplowitz and L.D. DeLeve, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Elsevier, pp. 343–367.
   Google Scholar
• Borsari, M., et al., 2001. Silybin, a new iron-chelating agent. Journal of inorganic biochemistry, 85(2–3), 123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry, 72(1–2), 248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruschetta, G., et al., 2015. Effects of palmitoylethanolamide and silymarin combination therapy in an animal model of kidney ischemia and reperfusion. The FASEB journal, 29(1_supplement), 1023–1026.
   Google Scholar
• Darbar, S., Bhattacharya, A., and Chattopadhyay, S., 2010. Ameliorative effect of Livina, a polyherbal preparation on diclofenac-induced liver injury: a comparison with silymarin. Journal of pharmacy research, 3(12), 2794–2798.
   Google Scholar
• Dykens, J.A., and Will, Y., 2007. The significance of mitochondrial toxicity testing in drug development. Drug discovery today, 12(17–18), 777–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellman, G.L., 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 82(1), 70–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flohé, L., and Otting, F., 1984. Methods in enzymology. Oxygen radicals in biological systems. New York: Academic Press, 93–104.
   Google Scholar
• Galati, G., et al., 2002. Idiosyncratic NSAID drug induced oxidative stress. Chemico-biological interactions, 142(1–2), 25–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Ramírez, M., et al., 2018. Silymarin prevents diabetes-induced hyperpermeability in human retinal endothelial cells. Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion, 65(4), 200–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil, M.L., et al., 1995. Immunochemical detection of protein adducts in cultured human hepatocytes exposed to diclofenac. Biochimica et biophysica acta (BBA)-molecular basis of disease, 1272(3), 140–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giridharan, R., and Sabina, E.P., 2017. Suppressive effect of Spirulina fusiformis on diclofenac-induced hepato-renal injury and gastrointestinal ulcer in Wistar albino rats: a biochemical and histological approach. Biomedicine and pharmacotherapy, 88, 11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez‐Correa, J.A., et al., 1997. Effects of S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine on hepatic and renal oxidative stress in an experimental model of acute biliary obstruction in rats. Hepatology, 26(1), 121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, L.-Y., et al., 2014. Mechanisms of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and protective effects of nitric oxide. World journal of gastrointestinal surgery, 6(7), 122–128.
   Google Scholar
• Hafeman, D., Sunde, R., and Hoekstra, W., 1974. Effect of dietary selenium on erythrocyte and liver glutathione peroxidase in the rat. The journal of nutrition, 104(5), 580–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidarian, E., Saffari, J., and Jafari-Dehkordi, E., 2014. Hepatoprotective action of Echinophora platyloba DC leaves against acute toxicity of acetaminophen in rats. Journal of dietary supplements, 11(1), 53–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heidarian, E., and Soofiniya, Y., 2011. Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of aerial part of Cynara scolymus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of medicinal plants research, 5(13), 2717–2723.
   Google Scholar
• Impellizzeri, D., et al., 2015. Effects of palmitoylethanolamide and silymarin combination treatment in an animal model of kidney ischemia and reperfusion. European journal of pharmacology, 762, 136–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimi-Khouzani, O., Heidarian, E., and Amini, S.A., 2017. Anti-inflammatory and ameliorative effects of gallic acid on fluoxetine-induced oxidative stress and liver damage in rats. Pharmacological reports, 69(4), 830–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kropacova, K., Misurova, E., and Hakova, H., 1998. Protective and therapeutic effect of silymarin on the development of latent liver damage. Radiatsionnaia biologiia, radioecologiia, 38(3), 411–415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumaş, M., Eşrefoğlu, M., and Güler, E. M., 2018. Protective effects of silymarin against isotretinoin induced liver and kidney injury in mice. Indian journal of experimental biology, 56, 158–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbe, G., Pessayre, D., and Fromenty, B., 2008. Drug‐induced liver injury through mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and detection during preclinical safety studies. Fundamental and clinical pharmacology, 22(4), 335–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licata, A., 2016. Adverse drug reactions and organ damage: the liver. European journal of internal medicine, 28, 9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, M.S., et al., 2006. Critical role of free cytosolic calcium, but not uncoupling, in mitochondrial permeability transition and cell death induced by diclofenac oxidative metabolites in immortalized human hepatocytes. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 217(3), 322–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masubuchi, Y., Saito, H., and Horie, T., 1998. Structural requirements for the hepatotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in isolated rat hepatocytes. Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 287(1), 208–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, X., et al., 2015. Consequences of Mrp2 deficiency for diclofenac toxicity in the rat intestine ex vivo. Toxicology in vitro: an international journal published in association with bibra, 29(1), 168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouri, A., Heidarian, E., and Nikoukar, M., 2017. Effects of N-acetyl cysteine on oxidative stress and TNF-α gene expression in diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicology mechanisms and methods, 27(8), 561–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safari, T., et al., 2017. Nitric oxide metabolite changes in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity; the effects of antioxidant vitamins. Journal of renal injury prevention, 7(3), 201–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu, W.P., et al., 2008. Bax-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), distinct from the mitochondrial permeability transition, is a key mechanism in diclofenac-induced hepatocyte injury: multiple protective roles of cyclosporin A. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 227(3), 451–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taleb, A., et al., 2018. Antioxidant effects and mechanism of silymarin in oxidative stress induced cardiovascular diseases. Biomedicine; pharmacotherapy = biomedecine; pharmacotherapie, 102, 689–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd, P.A., and Sorkin, E.M., 1988. Diclofenac sodium. Drugs, 35(3), 244–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, K., 2002. The inflammatory reflex. Nature, 420(6917), 853–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura, M., et al., 2002. Cysteinyl leukotrienes in the bile of patients with obstructive jaundice. Journal of gastroenterology, 37(10), 821–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valipour, P., et al., 2016. Protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of ferulago angulata against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Iranian journal of kidney diseases, 10, 189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellington, K., and Jarvis, B., 2001. Silymarin: a review of its clinical properties in the management of hepatic disorders. Biodrugs: clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 15(7), 465–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidi, F., Nuzhat, S., and Mahboob, T., 2017. Prevention of liver cirrhosis by Silymarin. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 30(4), 1203–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q., et al., 2018. Silybum marianum seeds oil attenuates CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis via regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Current nutrition and food science, 14(3), 197–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar