Effects of estrogen deficiency on liver function and uterine development: assessments of Medicago sativa's activities as estrogenic, anti-lipidemic, and antioxidant agents using an ovariectomized mouse model

References

• Aebi, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105, 121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Majed, A.A., Al-Omar, F.A., and Nagi, M.N., 2006. Neuroprotective effects of thymoquinone against transient forebrain ischemia in the rat hippocampus. European Journal of Pharmacology, 543(1–3), 40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asada, Y., et al., eds., 1982. Plant infection: the physiological and biochemical basis. Japan Scientific Press, Springer Verlag, 340–362.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, L., et al., 2003. The role of estrogen in cardiovascular disease. Journal of Surgical Research, 115(2), 325–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behr, G.A., et al., 2012. Increased cerebral oxidative damage and decreased antioxidant defenses in ovariectomized and sham-operated rats supplemented with vitamin A. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 28(5), 317–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budak, N.H., et al., 2011. Effects of apple cider vinegars produced with different techniques on blood lipids in high-cholesterol-fed rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(12), 6638–6644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulle, F., et al., 1990. Mechanism of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase release in serum during intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis in the rat: a histochemical, biochemical and molecular approach. Hepatology, 11(4), 545–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, M.J., 2009. Effects of taurine supplementation on bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats fed calcium deficient diet. Nutrition Research and Practice, 3(2), 108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cora, M.C., Kooistra, L., and Travlos, G., 2015. Vaginal cytology of the laboratory rat and mouse: review and criteria for the staging of the estrous cycle using stained vaginal smears. Toxicologic Pathology, 43(6), 776–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordial, R.R., et al., 2006. Estrogenic activity of Pueraria phaseoloides Roxb, Benth evaluated in ovariectomized rats. Philippine Journal of Science, 135, 39–48.
   Google Scholar
• Dewanto, V., et al., 2002. Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(10), 3010–3014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilek, M., et al., 2010. Melatonin modulates hippocampus NMDA receptors, blood and brain oxidative stress levels in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Membrane Biology, 233(1–3), 135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouin, G., Godin, J.-R., and Pagé B. 2011. The genetics of vitamin C loss in vertebrates. Current Genomics, 12, 371–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellman, M., 1959. A spectrophotometric method for determination of reduced glutathione in tissues. Analytical Biochemistry, 74, 214–226.
   Google Scholar
• Faten, M., et al., 2015. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of the halophyte Limonium densiflorum extracts on human cell lines and murine macrophages. South African Journal of Botany, 99, 158–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florian, C.S. and Reinhold, C., 2005. Cactus stems (Opuntia spp.)/a review on their chemistry, technology, and uses. Molcular Nutrition and Food Research, 49, 175–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, M.E., 1994. The neuroendocrine of the ovarian cycle of the rat. In: E Knobil and J de Neil, eds. The physiology of reproduction. New York, NY: Raven Press, 613–658.
   Google Scholar
• Frei, B., England, L., and Ames, B.N., 1989. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 86(16), 6377–6381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohlke-Barwolf, C., 2000. Coronary artery disease: is menopause a risk factor? Basic Research in Cardiology, 95, 77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, L.C., et al., 1982. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Analytical Biochemistry, 126(1), 131–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gülçin, I., et al., 2003. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry, 83, 371–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Aquino, E., and Muriel, P., 2018. Beneficial effects of naringenin in liver diseases: molecular mechanisms. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(16), 1679–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyninck, K., Wullaert, A., and Beyaert, R., 2003. Nuclear factor-kappa b plays a central role in tumour necrosis factor-mediated liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol, 66(8), 1409–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano, T., Ishihara, K., and Hibi, M., 2000. Roles of STAT3 in mediating the cell growth, differentiation and survival signals relayed through the IL-6 family of cytokine receptors. Oncogene, 19(21), 2548–2556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, C.I., et al., 2000. Activité anti-oxydants et antimicrobienne d'extraits de cyminum L. Lebanese Science Journal, 11, 69–72.
   Google Scholar
• Ingberg, E., et al., 2012. Methods for long-term 17β-estradiol administration to mice. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 175(1), 188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagota, S.K., and Dani, H.M., 1982. A new colorimetric technique for the estimation of vitamin C using Folin phenol reagent. Analytical Biochemistry, 127(1), 178–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakob, O., Ström1, E.T., and Annette, T., 2008. Order of magnitude differences between methods for maintaining physiological 17boestradiol concentrations in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 68(8), 814–822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayachandran, M., et al., 2013. Syringic acid, a novel natural phenolic acid, normalizes hyperglycemia with special reference to glycoprotein components in experimental diabetic rats. Journal of Acute Disease, 2, 304–309.
   Google Scholar
• Jisha, S., Sreeja, S., and Manjula, S., 2011. In vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of glycoside fractions of Solanum nigrum fruit. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 134, 369–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaeberlein, M., et al., 2005. Substrate-specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(17), 17038–17045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kankofer, M., et al., 2007. Anti-oxidative/oxidative status of rat liver after ovariectomy. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine, 54(5), 225–229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuiper, G.G., et al., 1998. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor. Endocrinology, 139(10), 4252–4263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin-Allerhand, J.A., Sokol, K., and Smith J.D., 2003. Safe and effective method for chronic 17β-estradiol administration to mice. American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 42, 33–35.
   Google Scholar
• Lowry, O.H., et al., 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193(1), 265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaivijitnond, S., et al., 2006. Using vaginal cytology to assess the estrogenic activity of phytoestrogen-rich herb. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 107(3), 354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G., 1992. Comparative progesterone study of the effects of β- sitosterol, estradiol and on selected biochemical parameters of the uterus of ovariectomised rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 36(1), 51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, C., Watson, R., and Preedy, V., eds., 2013. Nutrition and Diet in Menopause. Humana Press: New York, NY, 469.
   Google Scholar
• Mazur, J.A., et al., 2013. Glycine max (L) Merr. Vigna radiata L. and Medicago sativa L. sprouts: a natural source of bioactive compounds. Food Research International, 50, 167–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miquel, J., et al., 2006. Menopause: a review on the role of oxygen stress and favorable effects of dietary antioxidants. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 42(3), 289–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, S., 2012. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 40(4), 779–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazıroglu, M., et al., 2011. Capparis ovata modulates ovariectomize induced oxidative toxicity in brain, kidney and liver of aged mice. Cell Membrane Free Radical Research, 3, 186–193.
   Google Scholar
• Ozgecan, K.A., et al., 2015. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factors and vascular endothelial growth factor during pregnancy in the feline uterus. Theriogenology, 84, 24–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglia, D.E. and Valentine, W.N., 1967. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidise. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70(1), 158–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantano, C., et al., 2006. Redox-sensitive kinases of the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, 8(9–10), 1791–1806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proust, M., 2007. le temps ne fait rien à l'affaire. Evolutionary Psychology, 72, 243–257.
   Google Scholar
• Resnik, A.Z. and Packer, L., 1994. Oxidative damage to proteins: spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methods in Enzymology, 233, 357–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan, R., et al., 2002. Influence of piper beetle on hepatic marker enzymes and tissue antioxidant status in ethanol-treated Wistar rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 5(4), 197–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Semwal, D.K., et al., 2016. Myricetin: a dietary molecule with diverse biological activities. Nutrients, 8(2), 90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., et al., 1992. Antioxidative properties of xanthone on the auto oxidation of soybean in cylcodextrin emulsion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40(6), 945–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirwaikar, A., Rajendran, K., and Kumar, D.C., 2004. In vitro antioxidant studies of Annona squamosa. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42, 803–807.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, J., Ricardo-da-Silva, M., and Spranger, I., 1998. Critical factors of vanillin assay for catechins and proanthocyanidins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(10), 4267–4274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swar, G., Shailajan, S., and Menon, S., 2017. Activity based evaluation of a traditional Ayurvedic medicinal plant: Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde flowers as estrogenic agents using ovariectomized rat model. Journal of Ethnopharmacolopgy, 195, 324–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witko, S.V., et al., 1996. Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uraemia. Kidney International, 49, 1304–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, R. and Jain, G.C., 2013. Effect of petroleum ether extract of Cassia fistula seeds on uterine histoarchitecture of ovariectomized female rats. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Science, 3, 167–174.
   Google Scholar
• Yagi, K., 1976. A simple fluorometric assay for lipoperoxide in blood plasma. Biochemical Medicine, 15(2), 212–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaid, S.S., et al., 2010. The effects of tualang honey on female reproductive organs, tibia bone and hormonal profile in ovariectomized rats animal model for menopause. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10, 10–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., and Jianming, W., 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar