Crosstalk between kidney and liver in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches

References

• Abdelmalek, M.F., Suzuki, A., Guy, C., et al., Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. 2010. Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD), 51 (6), 1961–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advani, A., et al., 2011. Long-term administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat attenuates renal injury in experimental diabetes through an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. The American journal of pathology, 178 (5), 2205–2214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders, H.-J., Andersen, K., and Stecher, B., 2013. The intestinal microbiota, a leaky gut, and abnormal immunity in kidney disease. Kidney international, 83 (6), 1010–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders, H.-J., Davis, J.M., and Thurau, K., 2016. Nephron protection in diabetic kidney disease. New England journal of medicine, 375 (21), 2096–2098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, K., et al., 2017. Intestinal dysbiosis, barrier dysfunction, and bacterial translocation account for CKD-related systemic inflammation. Journal of the American society of nephrology, 28 (1), 76–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, J., et al., 2014. Cross talk between angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas axis and sirtuins in adipose tissue and metabolism of high-fat feed mice. Peptides, 55, 158–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andres-Hernando, A., et al., 2012. Cytokine production increases and cytokine clearance decreases in mice with bilateral nephrectomy. Nephrology dialysis transplantation, 27 (12), 4339–4347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo, P., et al., 2013. Simple noninvasive systems predict long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology, 145 (4), 782–789. e784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo, D., et al., 2011. Metformin-associated acute kidney injury and lactic acidosis. International journal of nephrology, 2011, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Awad, A.S., Kamel, R., and Sherief, M.A.E., 2011. Effect of thymoquinone on hepatorenal dysfunction and alteration of CYP3A1 and spermidine/spermine N‐1‐acetyl‐transferase gene expression induced by renal ischaemia–reperfusion in rats. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 63 (8), 1037–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, P.J., et al., 2015. TLR9 mediates remote liver injury following severe renal ischemia reperfusion. PLoS one, 10 (9), e0137511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsan, G.A., et al., 2015. Relationship between adiponectin, obesity and insulin resistance. Revista da associação médica brasileira, 61 (1), 72–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao, L., et al., 2018. A long-acting FGF21 alleviates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis partly through an FGF21-adiponectin-IL17A pathway. British journal of pharmacology, 175 (16), 3379–3393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellentani, S., 2017. The epidemiology of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver international, 37, 81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, A.Y., et al., 2017. The therapeutic potential of resveratrol: a review of clinical trials. Npj precision oncology, 1 (1), 35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, V.E., et al., 2019. Acute kidney injury pharmacokinetic changes and its impact on drug prescription. Healthcare, 7 (1), 10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borem, L., et al., 2018. The role of the angiotensin II type I receptor blocker telmisartan in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a brief review. Hypertension research: official journal of the Japanese society of hypertension, 41, 394–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunt, E.M., et al., 2015. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nature reviews disease primers, 1 (1), 15080.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brymora, A., et al., 2012. Low-fructose diet lowers blood pressure and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology dialysis transplantation, 27 (2), 608–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucsics, T. and Krones, E., 2017. Renal dysfunction in cirrhosis: acute kidney injury and the hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology report, 5 (2), 127–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, X., et al., 2016. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas axis activates Akt signaling to ameliorate hepatic steatosis. Scientific reports, 6 (1), 21592.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chachay, V.S., et al., 2014. Resveratrol does not benefit patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology, 12 (12), 2092–2103. e2096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challa, A., et al., 1993. Effect of metabolic acidosis on the expression of insulin-like growth factor and growth hormone receptor. Kidney international, 44 (6), 1224–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Y., et al., 2008. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease predicts chronic kidney disease in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic Korean men. Metabolism, 57 (4), 569–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, M.P., et al., 2018. Bardoxolone methyl improves kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 4 and type 2 diabetes: post-hoc analyses from bardoxolone methyl evaluation in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes study. American journal of nephrology, 47 (1), 40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinnadurai, R., et al., 2019. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Nephrology dialysis transplantation, 34 (3), 449–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, B-h., Kang, K.-S., and Kwak, M.-K., 2014. Effect of redox modulating NRF2 activators on chronic kidney disease. Molecules, 19 (8), 12727–12759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, A.R., et al., 2012. Myeloid deletion of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 increases atherosclerosis and liver injury. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 32 (12), 2839–2846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Apolito, M., et al., 2010. Urea-induced ROS generation causes insulin resistance in mice with chronic renal failure. Journal of clinical investigation, 120 (1), 203–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Fonseca Magalhães, P.A., et al., 2016. Metabolic acidosis aggravates experimental acute kidney injury. Life sciences, 146, 58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daenen, K., et al., 2019. Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. Pediatric nephrology, 34 (6), 975–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dattaroy, D., et al., 2015. Micro-RNA 21 inhibition of SMAD7 enhances fibrogenesis via leptin-mediated NADPH oxidase in experimental and human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. American journal of physiology – gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 308 (4), G298–G312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Castro, U.G.M., et al., 2013. Age-dependent effect of high-fructose and high-fat diets on lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney of rats. Lipids in health and disease, 12 (1), 136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Macedo, S.M., et al., 2015. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activator (DIZE) modulates metabolic profiles in mice, decreasing lipogenesis. Protein and peptide letters, 22 (4), 332–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, A.P., et al., 2014. Fatty kidney: emerging role of ectopic lipid in obesity-related renal disease. The lancet diabetes & endocrinology, 2 (5), 417–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zeeuw, D., et al., 2013. Rationale and trial design of bardoxolone methyl evaluation in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: the occurrence of renal events (BEACON). American journal of nephrology, 37 (3), 212–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Campo, J., et al., 2018. Genetic and epigenetic regulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). International journal of molecular sciences, 19 (3), 911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del, C.F., et al., 2016. Gut microbiota profiling of pediatric NAFLD and obese patients unveiled by an integrated meta-omics based approach. Hepatology, 65, 451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, S., et al., 2017. Resveratrol and caloric restriction prevent hepatic steatosis by regulating SIRT1-autophagy pathway and alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress in high-fat diet-fed rats. PLoS one, 12 (8), e0183541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Azeem, H.A., et al., 2013. Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the incidence of cardiovascular and renal events. Journal of the Saudi heart association, 25 (4), 239–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eslam, M., Valenti, L., and Romeo, S., 2018. Genetics and epigenetics of NAFLD and NASH: clinical impact. Journal of hepatology, 68 (2), 268–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslamparast, T., et al., 2014. Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 99 (3), 535–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadillioglu, E., et al., 2008. Melatonin treatment against remote organ injury induced by renal ischemia reperfusion injury in diabetes mellitus. Archives of pharmacal research, 31 (6), 705–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feltenberger, J.D., et al., 2013. Oral formulation of angiotensin-(1–7) improves lipid metabolism and prevents high-fat diet–induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice. Hypertension, 62 (2), 324–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferretti, F. and Mariani, M., 2019. Sugar-sweetened beverage affordability and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a cross section of countries. Globalization and health, 15 (1), 1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fontecha-Barriuso, M., et al., 2018. Targeting epigenetic DNA and histone modifications to treat kidney disease. Nephrology dialysis transplantation, 33 (11), 1875–1886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francque, S.M., et al., 2012. Noninvasive assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese or overweight patients. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology, 10 (10), 1162–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaich, G., et al., 2013. The effects of LY2405319, an FGF21 analog, in obese human subjects with type 2 diabetes. Cell metabolism, 18 (3), 333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgescu, E.F., et al., 2009. Angiotensin-receptor blockers as therapy for mild-to-moderate hypertension-associated non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World journal of gastroenterology, 15 (8), 942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, R.E., et al., 2011. Histone deacetylase inhibition attenuates diabetes-associated kidney growth: potential role for epigenetic modification of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Kidney international, 79 (12), 1312–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, L.J., et al., 2000. Pharmacokinetics of meropenem in intensive care unit patients receiving continuous veno-venous hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration. Critical care medicine, 28 (3), 632–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golab, F., et al., 2009. Ischemic and non-ischemic acute kidney injury cause hepatic damage. Kidney international, 75 (8), 783–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, I.G., et al., 2015. Anti-microRNA-21 oligonucleotides prevent Alport nephropathy progression by stimulating metabolic pathways. Journal of clinical investigation, 125 (1), 141–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa, K., et al., 2013. Renal tubular Sirt1 attenuates diabetic albuminuria by epigenetically suppressing Claudin-1 overexpression in podocytes. Nature medicine, 19 (11), 1496–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heebøll, S., et al., 2015. Effect of resveratrol on experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Pharmacological research, 95–96, 34–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemeyer, G., et al., 1990. Clearance of ceftriaxone in critical care patients with acute renal failure. Intensive care medicine, 16 (7), 448–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemeyer, G., et al., 1993. The kinetics of metamizol and its metabolites in critical-care patients with acute renal dysfunction. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 45 (5), 445–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, N.R., et al., 2016. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease–a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS one, 11 (7), e0158765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirata, T., et al., 2013. Effect of telmisartan or losartan for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Fatty Liver Protection Trial by Telmisartan or Losartan Study (FANTASY). International journal of endocrinology, 2013, 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Holderied, A., et al., 2020. Point of no return in unilateral renal ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. Journal of biomedical science, 27 (1), 1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoste, E.A., et al., 2015. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive care medicine, 41 (8), 1411–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh, J.H., et al., 2017. The fatty liver index as a predictor of incident chronic kidney disease in a 10-year prospective cohort study. PLoS one, 12 (7), e0180951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichii, O. and Horino, T., 2018. MicroRNAs associated with the development of kidney diseases in humans and animals. Journal of toxicologic pathology, 31 (1), 23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ipsen, D.H., Lykkesfeldt, J., and Tveden-Nyborg, P., 2018. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cellular and molecular life sciences, 75 (18), 3313–3327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, D., et al., 2017. Comparison of ipragliflozin and pioglitazone effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, 24-week, open-label, active-controlled trial. Diabetes care, 40 (10), 1364–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ix, J.H. and Sharma, K., 2010. Mechanisms linking obesity, chronic kidney disease, and fatty liver disease: the roles of fetuin-A, adiponectin, and AMPK. Journal of the American society of nephrology, 21 (3), 406–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadeja, R.N., et al., 2016. Naturally occurring Nrf2 activators: potential in treatment of liver injury. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2016, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Jang, H.R., et al., 2018. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease accelerates kidney function decline in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study. Scientific reports, 8 (1), 4718.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen, T., et al., 2018. Fructose and sugar: a major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of hepatology, 68 (5), 1063–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, G., et al., 2015. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS one, 10 (11), e0142808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawanami, D., et al., 2017. SGLT2 inhibitors as a therapeutic option for diabetic nephropathy. International journal of molecular sciences, 18 (5), 1083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S., Jena, G., and Tikoo, K., 2015a. Sodium valproate ameliorates diabetes-induced fibrosis and renal damage by the inhibition of histone deacetylases in diabetic rat. Experimental and molecular pathology, 98 (2), 230–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S., et al., 2015b. Valproate attenuates the proteinuria, podocyte and renal injury by facilitating autophagy and inactivation of NF-κB/iNOS signaling in diabetic rat. Biochimie, 110, 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khastar, H., 2015. Protective effects of vitamin E against liver damage caused by renal ischemia reperfusion. Renal failure, 37 (3), 494–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M., et al., 2011. Isoflurane activates intestinal sphingosine kinase to protect against bilateral nephrectomy-induced liver and intestine dysfunction. American journal of physiology – renal physiology, 300 (1), F167–F176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y.S., et al., 2013. Noninvasive predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Korean patients with histologically proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and molecular hepatology, 19 (2), 120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirwan, C.J., et al., 2012. Acute kidney injury reduces the hepatic metabolism of midazolam in critically ill patients. Intensive care medicine, 38 (1), 76–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppe, L., et al., 2013. p-Cresyl sulfate promotes insulin resistance associated with CKD. Journal of the American society of nephrology, 24 (1), 88–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, M., et al., 2016. Rice endosperm protein slows progression of fatty liver and diabetic nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. British journal of nutrition, 116 (8), 1326–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunutsor, S.K. and Laukkanen, J.A., 2017. Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study. Clinica chimica acta, 473, 39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, K., et al., 2013. Renohepatic crosstalk: does acute kidney injury cause liver dysfunction? Nephrology dialysis transplantation, 28 (7), 1634–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin, B.P., et al., 2018. DNA methylation and the potential role of demethylating agents in prevention of progressive chronic kidney disease. FASEB journal, 32 (10), 5215–5226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, K., et al., 2010. The association between fatty liver disease and blood pressure in a population-based prospective longitudinal study. Journal of hypertension, 28 (9), 1829–1835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzeri, E., et al., 2019. Surviving acute organ failure: cell polyploidization and progenitor proliferation. Trends in molecular medicine, 25 (5), 366–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea-Henry, T.N., et al., 2018. Clinical pharmacokinetics in kidney disease: fundamental principles. Clinical journal of the American society of nephrology, 13 (7), 1085–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.A., et al., 2018. Distant organ dysfunction in acute kidney injury: a review. American journal of kidney diseases, 72 (6), 846–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L.X., et al., 2017. Lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 promotes cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Journal of clinical investigation, 127 (7), 2751–2764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., et al., 2018. A circulating microRNA signature as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC genomics, 19 (1), 188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machado, M.V., et al., 2012. Impaired renal function in morbid obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver international, 32 (2), 241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macias, W.L., Mueller, B.A., and Scarim, S.K., 1991. Vancomycin pharmacokinetics in acute renal failure: preservation of nonrenal clearance. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 50 (6), 688–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makris, K. and Spanou, L., 2016. Acute kidney injury: definition, pathophysiology and clinical phenotypes. The clinical biochemist reviews, 37 (2), 85–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malek, V., Sharma, N., and Gaikwad, A.B., 2019. Histone acetylation regulates natriuretic peptides and neprilysin gene expressions in diabetic cardiomyopathy and nephropathy. Current molecular pharmacology, 12 (1), 61–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani, A., et al., 2018. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk of incident chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism, 79, 64–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcuccilli, M. and Chonchol, M., 2016. NAFLD and chronic kidney disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 17 (4), 562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masarone, M., et al., 2018. Role of oxidative stress in pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018, 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, S.T., et al., 2006. Fetuin-null mice are protected against obesity and insulin resistance associated with aging. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 350 (2), 437–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijers, B., Evenepoel, P., and Anders, H.-J., 2019. Intestinal microbiome and fitness in kidney disease. Nature reviews nephrology, 15 (9), 531–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, E.M., et al., 2013. The role of angiotensin II in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 378, 29–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moschen, A.R., et al., 2013. Adipose tissue and liver expression of SIRT1, 3, and 6 increase after extensive weight loss in morbid obesity. Journal of hepatology, 59 (6), 1315–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay, P., et al., 2017. PARP inhibition protects against alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of hepatology, 66 (3), 589–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musso, G., et al., 2012. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus steatosis: adipose tissue insulin resistance and dysfunctional response to fat ingestion predict liver injury and altered glucose and lipoprotein metabolism. Hepatology, 56 (3), 933–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musso, G., et al., 2015. Emerging liver–kidney interactions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Trends in molecular medicine, 21 (10), 645–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musso, G., et al., 2016. Fatty liver and chronic kidney disease: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities. Diabetes care, 39 (10), 1830–1845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazawa, D., et al., 2017. Histones and neutrophil extracellular traps enhance tubular necrosis and remote organ injury in ischemic AKI. Journal of the American society of nephrology, 28 (6), 1753–1768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezu, M., Suzuki, N., and Yamamoto, M., 2017. Targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 system to prevent kidney disease progression. American journal of nephrology, 45 (6), 473–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh, H., et al., 2009. Histone deacetylase-2 is a key regulator of diabetes-and transforming growth factor-β1-induced renal injury. American journal of physiology – renal physiology, 297 (3), F729–F739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nymark, M., Pussinen, P.J., Tuomainen, A.M., et al., on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group. 2009. Serum lipopolysaccharide activity is associated with the progression of kidney disease in finnish patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care, 32 (9), 1689–1693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onnerhag, K., et al., 2019. Increased mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with chronic kidney disease is explained by metabolic comorbidities. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology, 43, 542–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Österreicher, C.H., et al., 2009. Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme 2 inhibits liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology, 50 (3), 929–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paik, J., et al., 2019. Chronic kidney disease is independently associated with increased mortality in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver international, 39 (2), 342–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S.W., et al., 2011. Cytokines induce small intestine and liver injury after renal ischemia or nephrectomy. Laboratory investigation, 91 (1), 63–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S.W., et al., 2012. Paneth cell–mediated multiorgan dysfunction after acute kidney injury. The journal of immunology, 189 (11), 5421–5433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppicelli, S., et al., 2013. Acidic pH via NF-κB favours VEGF-C expression in human melanoma cells. Clinical & experimental metastasis, 30 (8), 957–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, R.J., et al., 2014. The role of hepatic lipids in hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature, 510 (7503), 84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philips, B.J., et al., 2014. The effects of acute renal failure on drug metabolism. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 10 (1), 11–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi, J., Hayes, J., and Yamamoto, M., 2019. New insights into nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factors in toxicology and pharmacology. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 367, 33–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirola, C.J., et al., 2013. Epigenetic modification of liver mitochondrial DNA is associated with histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut, 62 (9), 1356–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj, D., et al., 2020. The Gut–Liver–Kidney axis: novel regulator of fatty liver associated chronic kidney disease. Pharmacological research, 152, 104617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramis, M.R., et al., 2015. Caloric restriction, resveratrol and melatonin: role of SIRT1 and implications for aging and related-diseases. Mechanisms of ageing and development, 146–148, 28–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, Y., et al., 2017. The Sirt1 activator, SRT1720, attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting CTGF and oxidative stress. International journal of molecular medicine, 39 (5), 1317–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, M., et al., 2012. Pre-, pro-, and synbiotics: do they have a role in reducing uremic toxins? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of nephrology, 2012, 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi, M., et al., 2016. Synbiotics easing renal failure by improving gut microbiology (SYNERGY): a randomized trial. Clinical journal of the American society of nephrology, 11 (2), 223–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, S.H.S., et al., 2013. Oral angiotensin-(1–7) prevented obesity and hepatic inflammation by inhibition of resistin/TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB in rats fed with high-fat diet. Peptides, 46, 47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayyed, S.G., et al., 2010. Progressive glomerulosclerosis in type 2 diabetes is associated with renal histone H3K9 and H3K23 acetylation, H3K4 dimethylation and phosphorylation at serine 10. Nephrology dialysis transplantation, 25 (6), 1811–1817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifi, B., et al., 2014. Protection of liver as a remote organ after renal ischemia–reperfusion injury by renal ischemic postconditioning. International journal of nephrology, 2014, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, N., Anders, H.-J., and Gaikwad, A.B., 2019. Fiend and friend in the renin angiotensin system: an insight on acute kidney injury. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 110, 764–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R.S., et al., 2018. Experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis are ameliorated by pharmacologic activation of Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2). Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology, 5 (3), 367–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, Z.-W., et al., 2017. Association between serum γ-glutamyltransferase and chronic kidney disease in urban Han Chinese: a prospective cohort study. International urology and nephrology, 49 (2), 303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibuya, T., et al., 2018. Luseogliflozin improves liver fat deposition compared to metformin in type 2 diabetes patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study. Diabetes, obesity and metabolism, 20 (2), 438–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimozono, R., et al., 2013. Nrf2 activators attenuate the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related fibrosis in a dietary rat model. Molecular pharmacology, 84 (1), 62–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn, D.H., et al., 2017. Development of chronic kidney disease in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cohort study. Journal of hepatology, 67 (6), 1274–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirota, J.C., et al., 2012. Association between nonalcoholic liver disease and chronic kidney disease: an ultrasound analysis from NHANES 1988–1994. American journal of nephrology, 36 (5), 466–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjostrom, C., et al., 2015. Dapagliflozin reduces albuminuria on top of renin–angiotensin system blockade in diabetic patients with moderate renal impairment. World Congress of Nephrology Presented at the International Society of Nephrology (ISN), World Congress of Nephrology (WCN), Cape Town, South Africa, 13–17 March, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Spoto, B., Pisano, A., and Zoccali, C., 2016. Insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. American journal of physiology – renal physiology, 311 (6), F1087–F1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, X., et al., 2017. Effects of uric acid-lowering therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS one, 12 (11), e0187550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, D.-Q., et al., 2019. Metabolic acidosis in critically ill cirrhotic patients with acute kidney injury. Journal of clinical and translational hepatology, 7 (X), 1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, H., et al., 2017. Octreotide attenuates acute kidney injury after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion by enhancing autophagy. Scientific reports, 7 (1), 42701.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tampe, B., et al., 2017. Low-dose hydralazine prevents fibrosis in a murine model of acute kidney injury-to-chronic kidney disease progression. Kidney international, 91 (1), 157–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, W.W., et al., 2015. Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease. Circulation research, 116 (3), 448–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher, G., Chonchol, M.B., and Byrne, C.D., 2014a. CKD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. American journal of kidney diseases, 64 (4), 638–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher, G., Lonardo, A., and Byrne, C.D., 2018. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews endocrinology, 14 (2), 99–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher, G., et al., 2008. Increased risk of CKD among type 2 diabetics with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of the American society of nephrology, 19 (8), 1564–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher, G., et al., 2010a. Relationship between kidney function and liver histology in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical journal of the American society of nephrology, 5 (12), 2166–2171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher, G., et al., 2010b. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetologia, 53 (7), 1341–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher, G., et al., 2011. Risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: is there a link? Journal of hepatology, 54 (5), 1020–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher, G., et al., 2012. Increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes and non‐alcoholic fatty liver. Diabetic medicine, 29 (2), 220–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher, G., et al., 2014b. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care, 37 (6), 1729–1736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tegeder, I., et al., 1997. Pharmacokinetics of imipenem-cilastatin in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 41 (12), 2640–2645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teufel, A., et al., 2016. Comparison of gene expression patterns between mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver tissues from patients. Gastroenterology, 151 (3), 513–525. e510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilg, H., Cani, P.D., and Mayer, E.A., 2016. Gut microbiome and liver diseases. Gut, 65 (12), 2035–2044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollefsbol, T. O., 2018. Epigenetics of human disease. In: T.O. Tollefsbol, ed. Epigenetics in Human Disease 2nd edn. New York: Elsevier, 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuruta, Y., et al., 2015. Febuxostat improves endothelial function in hemodialysis patients with hyperuricemia: a randomized controlled study. Hemodialysis international, 19 (4), 514–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaziri, N.D., et al., 2013. Oral activated charcoal adsorbent (AST-120) ameliorates chronic kidney disease-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption. American journal of nephrology, 37 (6), 518–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilay, A.M., Churchwell, M.D., and Mueller, B.A., 2008. Clinical review: drug metabolism and nonrenal clearance in acute kidney injury. Critical care, 12 (6), 235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanner, N., and Bechtel-Walz, W., 2017. Epigenetics of kidney disease. Cell and tissue research, 369 (1), 75–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkison, W., Cheatham, B., and Walker, S., 2015. Remogliflozin etabonate reduces insulin resistance and liver function enzymes: role for treatment of NASH. Journal of hepatology, 62, S211–S212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willy, J.A., et al., 2015. CHOP links endoplasmic reticulum stress to NF-κB activation in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Molecular biology of the cell, 26 (12), 2190–2204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, I.-W., et al., 2011. p-Cresyl sulphate and indoxyl sulphate predict progression of chronic kidney disease. Nephrology dialysis transplantation, 26 (3), 938–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J., et al., 2009. Fibroblast growth factor 21 reverses hepatic steatosis, increases energy expenditure, and improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes, 58 (1), 250–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, M.-X., Wang, M., and Yang, W.-W., 2017. Gold-quercetin nanoparticles prevent metabolic endotoxemia-induced kidney injury by regulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling and Nrf2 pathway in high fat diet fed mice. International journal of nanomedicine, 12, 327–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M., Kensler, T.W., and Motohashi, H., 2018. The KEAP1-NRF2 system: a thiol-based sensor-effector apparatus for maintaining redox homeostasis. Physiological reviews, 98 (3), 1169–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamout, H., Lazich, I., and Bakris, G.L., 2014. Blood pressure, hypertension, RAAS blockade, and drug therapy in diabetic kidney disease. Advances in chronic kidney disease, 21 (3), 281–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., et al., 2014. Alpha-lipoic acid improves high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating the transcription factors SREBP-1, FoxO1 and Nrf2 via the SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK pathway. The journal of nutritional biochemistry, 25 (11), 1207–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasui, K., et al., 2011. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Metabolism, 60 (5), 735–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, Y., et al., 2010. Microalbuminuria in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: association with liver fibrosis. Metabolism, 59 (9), 1327–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokohama, S., et al., 2004. Therapeutic efficacy of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology, 40 (5), 1222–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi, Z., et al., 2018. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 15 (1), 11–20.
   Google Scholar
• Zager, R.A., Johnson, A.C., and Frostad, K.B., 2014. Acute hepatic ischemic-reperfusion injury induces a renal cortical “stress response,” renal “cytoresistance,” and an endotoxin hyperresponsive state. American journal of physiology – renal physiology, 307 (7), F856–F868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, X., et al., 2014. Incidence, outcomes, and comparisons across definitions of AKI in hospitalized individuals. Clinical journal of the American society of nephrology, 9 (1), 12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeybel, M., et al., 2015. Differential DNA methylation of genes involved in fibrosis progression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. Clinical epigenetics, 7 (1), 25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, F., et al., 2017. Effects of RAAS inhibitors in patients with kidney disease. Current hypertension reports, 19 (9), 72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. and Li, Y., 2015. Fibroblast growth factor 21 analogs for treating metabolic disorders. Frontiers in endocrinology, 6, 168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., et al., 2015. Resveratrol improves hepatic steatosis by inducing autophagy through the cAMP signaling pathway. Molecular nutrition & food research, 59 (8), 1443–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, C., et al., 2015. Beneficial effects of neomangiferin on high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. International immunopharmacology, 25 (1), 218–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar