The Role of Adolescent IQ and Gender in the Use of Cognitive Support for Remembering in Aging

REFERENCES

• Ackerman , P. L. , Beier , M. E. and Boyle , M. O. 2005 . Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 30 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , T. Y. , Gold , D. P. , Andres , D. , Schwartzman , A. and Chaikelson , J. 1992 . The role of psychosocial context, age, and intelligence in memory performance of older men . Psychology & Aging , 7 : 25 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckman , L. , ed. 1992 . Memory functioning in dementia , Oxford, , UK : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Bäckman , L. , Mäntylä , T. and Herlitz , A. 1990 . “ The optimization of episodic remembering in old age ” . In Successful aging perspectives from the behavioral sciences , Edited by: Baltes , P. B. and Baltes , M. M. 118 – 163 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bäckman , L. and Small , B. J. 1998 . Influences of cognitive support on episodic remembering: Tracing the process of loss from normal aging to Alzheimer's disease . Psychology and Aging , 13 : 267 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battig , W. F. and Montague , W. E. 1969 . Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms . Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph , 80 : 1 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , M. D. 1986 . The Otis and Otis-Lennon tests: Their contributions . Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , 5 : 12 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Bunce , D. , Kivipelto , M. and Whalin , A. 2004 . Utilization of cognitive support in episodic free recall as a function of Apolipoprotein E and Vitamin B12 or Folate among adults aged 75 years and older . Neuropsychology , 18 : 362 – 370 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cherry , K. E. and Park , D. C. 1993 . Individual difference and contextual variables influence spatial memory in younger and older adults . Psychology and Aging , 8 : 517 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill , J. D. , Stanis , J. J. , Press , C. , Kushelev , M. and Greenough , W. T. 2003 . Is procedural memory relatively spared from age effects? . Neurobiology of Aging , 24 : 883 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey , C. E. , Lucke , J. F. , Saxton , J. A. , Ratcliff , G. , Unitas , L. J. , Billig , B. and Bryan , R. N. 1998 . Sex differences in brain aging: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study . Archives of Neurology , 55 : 169 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. 1986 . “ A functional account of age differences in memory ” . In Human memory and cognitive capabilities , Edited by: Klix , F. and Hagendorf , H. 409 – 422 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. , Byrd , M. and Swanson , J. M. 1987 . Patterns of memory loss in three elderly samples . Psychology and Aging , 2 : 79 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Jennings , J. M. 1992 . “ Human memory ” . In The handbook of aging and cognition , Edited by: Craik , F. I. and Salthouse , T. A. 51 – 110 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Masani , P. A. 1969 . Age and intelligence differences in coding and retrieval of word lists . British Journal of Psychology , 60 : 315 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and McDowd , J. M. 1987 . Age differences in recall and recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 13 : 474 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deary , I. J. , Whalley , L. J. , Lemmon , H. , Crawford , J. R. and Starr , J. M. 2000 . The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: Follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey . Intelligence , 28 : 49 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desgranges , B. , Eustache , F. , Rioux , P. , de La Sayette , V. and Lechevalier , B. 1996 . Memory disorders in Alzheimer's disease and the organization of human memory . Cortex , 32 : 387 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , R. A. , Wahlin , Å. , Mattland , S. B. , Hultsch , D. F. , Hertzog , C. and Bäckman , L. 2004 . Episodic memory change in late adulthood: Generalizability across samples and performance indices . Memory & Cognition , 32 : 768 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. and McHugh , P. R. 1975 . “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch , T. , Smyth , K. A. , McClendon , M. J. , Ogrocki , P. K. , Santillan , C. , Larsen , J. D. and Strauss , M. E. 2005 . Associations between dementia/mild cognitive impairment and cognitive performance and activity levels in youth . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 53 : 1191 – 1196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleason , C. E. , Cholerton , B. , Carlsson , C. M. , Johnson , S. C. and Asthana , S. 2005 . Neuroprotective effects of female sex steroids in humans: Current controversies and future directions . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences , 62 : 299 – 312 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grandmaison , E. and Simard , M. 2003 . A critical review of memory stimulation programs in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 15 : 130 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur , R. C. , Mozley , P. D. , Resnick , S. M. , Gottlieb , G. L. , Kohn , M. , Zimmerman , R. , Herman , G. , Atlas , S. , Grossman , R. and Berretta , D. 1991 . Gender differences in age effect on brain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA , 88 : 2845 – 2849 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz , A. , Lipinska , B. and Bäckman , L. 1992 . “ Utilization of cognitive support for episodic remembering in Alzheimer's disease ” . In Memory functioning in dementia , Edited by: Bäckman , L. B . 73 – 96 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Herlitz , A. , Nilsson , L. G. and Bäckman , L. 1997 . Gender differences in episodic memory . Memory & Cognition , 25 : 801 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. , Shimizu , Y. , Velanova , K. and Rhodes , M. G. 2005 . Age differences in depth of retrieval: Memory for foils . Journal of Memory and Language , 52 : 493 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , J. J. 1979 . “ Four points to remember: A tetrahedral model of memory experiments ” . In Levels of processing in human memory , Edited by: Cermak , L. S. and Craik , F. I. 429 – 446 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Kohout , F. J. , Berkman , L. F. , Evans , D. A. and Cornoni-Huntley , J. 1993 . Two shorter forms of the CES-D Depression Symptoms Index . Journal of Aging and Health , 5 : 179 – 193 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koriat , A. , Ben-Zur , H. and Sheffer , D. 1988 . Telling the same story twice: Output monitoring and age . Journal of Memory and Language , 27 : 23 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucera , H. and Francis , W. N. 1967 . Computational analysis of present-day American English , Providence, RI : Brown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Larrabee , G. J. and Crook , T. H. 1993 . Do men show more rapid age-associated decline in simulated everyday verbal memory than do women? . Psychology and Aging , 8 : 68 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton , M. P. and Brody , E. M. 1969 . Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living . Gerontologist , 9 : 179 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light , L. L. and Albertson , S. A. 1989 . Direct and indirect tests of memory for category exemplars in young and older adults . Psychology and Aging , 8 : 207 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Light , L. L. and Anderson , P. A. 1985 . Working memory capacity, age, and memory for discourse . Journal of Gerontology , 40 : 737 – 747 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , W. S. 1924 . The variation and significance of intelligence quotients obtained from group tests . Journal of Educational Psychology , 15 : 359 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. , Boodoo , G. , Bouchard , T. J. , Boykin , A. W. , Brody , N. , Ceci , S. J. , Halpern , D. F. , Loehlin , J. C. , Perloff , R. , Sternberg , R. J. and Urbina , S. 1996 . Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns . American Psychologist , 51 : 77 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otis , A. S. 1928 . Otis self-administering tests of mental ability, manual of directions and key: For intermediate and higher examinations , Yonkers-on-Hudson : World Book Company .
   Google Scholar
• Plassman , B. L. , Newman , T. T. , Welsh , K. A. , Helms , M. and Breitner , J. C. S. 1994 . Properties of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status: Application in epidemiological and longitudinal studies . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 7 : 235 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Rapp , S. R. , Espeland , M. A. , Shumaker , S. A. , Henderson , V. W. , Brunner , R. L. , Manson , J. E. , Gass , M. L. , Stefanick , M. L. , Lane , D. S. , Hays , J. , Johnson , K. C. , Coker , L. H. , Dailey , M. and Bowen , D. 2003 . Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A randomized control trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 2663 – 2672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rentz , D. M. , Huh , T. J. and Faust , R. R. 2004 . Use of IQ-adjusted norms to predict progressive cognitive decline in highly intelligent older individuals . Neuropsychology , 18 : 38 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenker , D. L. , Thompson , C. P. and Brown , S. C. 1971 . Comparison of measures for the estimation of clustering in free recall . Psychological Bulletin , 76 : 45 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Rönnlund , M. , Nyberg , L. , Bäckman , L. and Nilsson , L. 2005 . Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study . Psychology and Aging , 20 : 3 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satz , P. 1993 . Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: A formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory . Neuropsychology , 7 : 273 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Shumaker , S. A. , Legault , C. R. and Rapp , S. R. 2003 . Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 2651 – 2662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small , B. J. , Dixon , R. A. , Hultsch , D. F. and Hertzog , C. 1999 . Longitudinal changes in quantitative and qualitative indicators of word and story recall in young-old and old-old adults . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 54 ( B ) : P107 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , Y. 2002 . What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 : 448 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toglia , M. P. and Battig , W. F. 1978 . Handbook of semantic word norms , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , G. and Maylor , E. A. 2005 . Age-related deficits in free-recall: The role of rehearsal . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 58 ( A ) : 98 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997 . Technical manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – third edition and Wechsler Memory Scale – , third , San Antonio : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Welsh , K. A. , Breitner , J. C. S. and Magruder-Habib , K. M. 1993 . Detection of dementia in the elderly using telephone screening of cognitive status . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 6 : 103 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Witte , K. L. 1975 . Paired-associate learning in young and elderly adults as related to presentation rate . Psychological Bulletin , 82 : 975 – 989 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar